scholarly journals Two wild female bonobos adopted infants from a different social group at Wamba

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahoko Tokuyama ◽  
Kazuya Toda ◽  
Marie-Laure Poiret ◽  
Bahanande Iyokango ◽  
Batuafe Bakaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Adoptive Mothers ◽  
Indirect Fitness ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Kin Relationship

AbstractAdoption, the act of taking another individual’s offspring and treating it as one’s own, is rare but widely observed in various mammal species and may increase the survival of adoptees. Adoption may also benefit adoptive mothers, for example they might care for close kin to gain indirect fitness or to learn caregiving behaviours. Here, we report two cases of a wild bonobo adopting an infant from a different social group, the first report of cross-group adoption in great apes. In one case, the adoptive mother was already a mother of two dependent offspring. In the other case, the adoptive mother was an old parous female whose own offspring had already emigrated into a different social group. The adoptive mothers provided various maternal care to the adoptees, such as carrying, grooming, nursing, and sharing food. No aggression was observed by group members towards the out-group adoptees. In both cases, adoptees had no maternal kin-relationship with their adoptive mothers. Both adoptive mothers already had experience of rearing their own offspring. Instead, these cases of adoption may have been driven by other evolutionary adaptive traits of bonobos, such as their strong attraction to infants and high tolerance towards immatures and out-group individuals.

Experimental predator intrusions in a cooperative breeder reveal threat-dependent task partitioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Josi ◽  
Annika Freudiger ◽  
Michael Taborsky ◽  
Joachim G Frommen
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Alloparental Care ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Antipredator Defense ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Indirect Fitness ◽  
Antipredator Behaviors ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Eusocial Animals

Abstract In cooperatively breeding species, nonbreeding individuals provide alloparental care and help in territory maintenance and defense. Antipredator behaviors of subordinates can enhance offspring survival, which may provide direct and indirect fitness benefits to all group members. Helping abilities and involved costs and benefits, risks, and outside options (e.g., breeding independently) usually diverge between group members, which calls for status-specific differentiated behavioral responses. Such role differentiation within groups may generate task-specific division of labor, as exemplified by eusocial animals. In vertebrates, little is known about such task differentiation among group members. We show how breeders and helpers of the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus savoryi partition predator defense depending on intruder type and the presence of dependent young. In the field, we experimentally simulated intrusions by different fish species posing a risk either specifically to eggs, young, or adults. We used intrusions by harmless algae eaters as a control. Breeders defended most when dependent young were present, while helper investment hinged mainly on their body size and on the potential threat posed by the respective intruders. Breeders and helpers partitioned defense tasks primarily when dependent young were exposed to immediate risk, with breeders investing most in antipredator defense, while helpers increased guarding and care in the breeding chamber. Breeders’ defense likely benefits helpers as well, as it was especially enhanced in the treatment where helpers were also at risk. These findings illustrate that in a highly social fish different group members exhibit fine-tuned behavioral responses in dependence of ecological and reproductive parameter variation.

scholarly journals Watch me, watch you: ritual participation increases in-group displays and out-group monitoring in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Wen ◽  
Aiyana K. Willard ◽  
Michaela Caughy ◽  
Cristine H. Legare
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Monitoring

Collective rituals serve social functions for the groups that perform them, including identifying group members and signalling group commitment. A novel social group paradigm was used in an afterschool programme ( N = 60 4–11-year-olds) to test the influence of participating in a ritual task on in-group displays and out-group monitoring over repeated exposures to the group. The results demonstrate that ritual participation increases in-group displays (i.e. time spent displaying materials to in-group members) and out-group monitoring (i.e. time spent looking at out-group members) compared with a control task across three time points. This study provides evidence for the processes by which rituals may influence children's behaviours towards in- and out-group members and discusses implications for understanding the development of ritual cognition and behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

Experimental evidence that acorn woodpeckers recognize relationships among third parties no longer living together

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Pardo ◽  
Eric L Walters ◽  
Walter D Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Melanerpes Formicivorus ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Acorn Woodpeckers ◽  
Group Relationships

Abstract Triadic awareness, or knowledge of the relationships between others, is essential to navigating many complex social interactions. While some animals maintain relationships with former group members post-dispersal, recognizing cross-group relationships between others may be more cognitively challenging than simply recognizing relationships between members of a single group because there is typically much less opportunity to observe interactions between individuals that do not live together. We presented acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), a highly social species, with playback stimuli consisting of a simulated chorus between two different individuals, a behavior that only occurs naturally between social affiliates. Subjects were expected to respond less rapidly if they perceived the callers as having an affiliative relationship. Females responded more rapidly to a pair of callers that never co-occurred in the same social group, and responded less rapidly to callers that were members of the same social group at the time of the experiment and to callers that last lived in the same group before the subject had hatched. This suggests that female acorn woodpeckers can infer the existence of relationships between conspecifics that live in separate groups by observing them interact after the conspecifics in question no longer live in the same group as each other. This study provides experimental evidence that nonhuman animals may recognize relationships between third parties that no longer live together and emphasizes the potential importance of social knowledge about distant social affiliates.

scholarly journals THE HEIDER BALANCE: A CONTINUOUS APPROACH

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (05) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRZYSZTOF KUŁAKOWSKI ◽  
PRZEMYSŁAW GAWROŃSKI ◽  
PIOTR GRONEK
Keyword(s):  
Connected Graph ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structure Theorem ◽  
System Size ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Continuous Approach ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Fully Connected

The Heider balance (HB) is investigated in a fully connected graph of N nodes. The links are described by a real symmetric array r (i, j), i, j =1, …, N. In a social group, nodes represent group members and links represent relations between them, positive (friendly) or negative (hostile). At the balanced state, r (i, j) r (j, k) r (k, i) > 0 for all the triads (i, j, k). As follows from the structure theorem of Cartwright and Harary, at this state the group is divided into two subgroups, with friendly internal relations and hostile relations between the subgroups. Here the system dynamics is proposed to be determined by a set of differential equations, [Formula: see text]. The form of equations guarantees that once HB is reached, it persists. Also, for N =3 the dynamics reproduces properly the tendency of the system to the balanced state. The equations are solved numerically. Initially, r (i, j) are random numbers distributed around zero with a symmetric uniform distribution of unit width. Calculations up to N =500 show that HB is always reached. Time τ(N) to get the balanced state varies with the system size N as N-1/2. The spectrum of relations, initially narrow, gets very wide near HB. This means that the relations are strongly polarized. In our calculations, the relations are limited to a given range around zero. With this limitation, our results can be helpful in an interpretation of some statistical data.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Processes Underlying Moral Judgment Across Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Chalik ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Moral Belief ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Made In

Some moral philosophers have suggested that a basic prohibition against intentional harm ought to be at the core of moral belief systems across human societies. Yet, experimental work suggests that not all harm is created equal—people often respond more negatively to harm that occurs among fellow social group members, rather than between members of different groups. The present two studies investigated how concerns about social group membership factor into the moral judgment system. Adults (N = 111, Study 1) and children (N = 110, Study 2) evaluated instances of inter- and intra-group harm under varying levels of cognitive load. Both children and adults responded more slowly to intergroup harm than to intragroup harm. Furthermore, adults under cognitive load rated intergroup harm more leniently than intragroup harm, but adults who were not under load rated the two types of behaviors similarly. These findings suggest that across development, evaluations of intergroup harm rely more heavily on conscious deliberation than evaluations of intragroup harm. Thus, people's evaluations of harmful behaviors are made in light of information about the social category membership of the people involved.

scholarly journals Analysis of new words in the jargon of English youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
G.T.g Jalilova
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
New Words ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Interactive Environment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Consumption Activity

Today, most people need a communication channel to get information, get news, have fun, get to know a product/service, engage in any production/consumption activity, or socialize. While it was seen that these actions took place only under the umbrella of traditional communication tools until the end of the 1990s, it has been done in an interactive environment by gaining great momentum since the 2000s. In other words, the limit of oneway communication could be broken with the flexibility and speed of two-way communication. People sometimes produce in their groups and use some unique words and phrases that are only understood by their group members. These words and expressions can also include slang. Slang is usually the language specific to a social group.

scholarly journals TRUST MODELING: A PROBABILITY APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Initial Vector ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Trust Modeling ◽  
Group A ◽  
Degroot Model ◽  
Group Members

The work is devoted to describing an application of the DeGroot model in the following analysis: is it possible to establish a consensus of opinions of members in a social group (a society). This model describes the process of changing the agents’ opinion about a certain event or statement, factoring in the effect of interpersonal trust between agents, which is modelled by Markov chains. Agents’ opinions are represented by the probability of them showing their support to a given statement (event). The interpretation of the DeGroot model is quite broad. It includes, in particular, the study of economic decision-making, the influence of public opinion on people and the fact of achieving a consensus. The paper considers the conditions under which the process of updating the opinions of agents, belonging to a social group (network), converges to a certain limit value - a consensus, i.e. a case when all agents in a social group have the same opinion on a particular issue. We also show some generalizations of the DeGroot model, namely those that concern adding time dependency to the rules of updating the opinions of agents. To test the DeGroot model, we implemented the two-dimensional case as a dynamic Microsoft Excel workbook. The paper describes 2 types of problems related to reaching a consensus, solved with the model. The first kind of problem constitutes an analysis of possibilities of obtaining the desired consensus with a given matrix of trust (interpersonal trust of agents), whilst changing the initial group members’ opinions vector about an event (statement). We also discuss a solution of the inverse problem: find the trust matrix such that the iterative opinion update process converges to the desired consensus with a given initial vector of opinions. The results we obtained may be used for analyzing the process of managing public (collective) opinion concerning certain economic decisions in a social group (network).

scholarly journals Individual Matrixes of Values As Basis for Social Group Members’ Behavior Correction

Upravlenie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Фролов ◽  
S. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Group Members

Management on values represents very perspective area of activity concerning the human relations management. Consequently, in this paper the author analyzes individual matrixes of values as a basis for social group members’ behavior management. At the same time questions related to social norms correction within ordered series of cultural values are considered.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-Partum Whistle Production of a BottlenoseDolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Social Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra E. Ames ◽  
Riley P. Macgregor ◽  
Sara J. Wieland ◽  
Dianne M. Cameron ◽  
Stan A. Kuczaj II ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Signature Whistles ◽  
Signature Whistle

The signature whistle of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is a well-studied acoustic signal know for broadcasting identity and maintaining contact with conspecifics. Several studies have investigated the use of this signal surrounding the birth of calves to dolphin social groups, although there appears to be discrepancies between the findings of these studies. We aimed to add to the current literature in an attempt to reconcile some of these inconsistencies through investigation of signature whistle production by a bottlenose dolphin group two months prior to and two months following the birth of a calf to one of the social group members. We found that the production of signature whistles matching the contour belonging to our dolphin mother increased significantly in both the pre- and post-partum period. Heightened production of the mother’s signature whistle type in the first week of our focal calf’s life supports the establishment of a recognition system within this time period. Given that learning processes associated with the sound environment appear to begin shortly after calf birth, we also explored the signature whistle rates of the other social group members in an effort to determine whether any signature whistle production influenced the development of the dolphin calf’s own signature whistle type. We found that the signature whistles of the other social group members were significantly lower than production of the mother’s signature whistle until after the first week post-partum. None of the signature whistle types appeared to influence the signature whistle development of our focal calf within the scope of this study, however, as the calf did not develop a signature whistle in her first two months of life.

Exploring Incongruence in Mentoring Dyads in Indian Firms: The Protégé Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Mentoring Relationships ◽  
Group Members

This study seeks to explore whether the negative mentoring experiences (NMEs) of protégés in Western samples are generalizable, or whether there are possibly NMEs unique to the Indian cultural context. The finding of this exploratory study suggests that the most frequently occurring NME for protégés was mismatch in the membership of social group, as per regional, caste or religious orientation. While Western mentoring models are being practised widely in corporate workplaces in India, the process of enculturation and feeling of belonging to an India-specific social group is strong enough to negatively impact mentoring relationships such that these protégés perceive themselves to be “out-group” members. Managers may consider pairing mentors and protégés taking into consideration demographic profiling.

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