scholarly journals A method for EMCCD multiplication gain measurement with comprehensive correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qiao ◽  
Mingfu Wang ◽  
Zheng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Channel Output ◽  
Multiplication Gain ◽  
Electron Multiplication ◽  
Signal Stability ◽  
True Value ◽  
Gain Measurement ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Working Principle

AbstractIn order to improve the image quality, it is imperative to conduct the non-uniformity correction of EMCCD, for which the measurement accuracy of the internal electron multiplication gain of each channel is a prerequisite within multi-channel output EMCCD. It is known that the smaller the image standard deviation of each channel, the better the image uniformity, and the closer the calculated multiplier gain is to the real value. In order to minimize the influence of non-uniformity of background between pixels and light response existing in traditional measurement, a comprehensively modified EMCCD multiplication gain measurement is proposed after the working principle of EMCCD is described. The output images of the camera working in the normal CCD mode and EMCCD mode are corrected comprehensively through this method. The experimental results show that after the comprehensive correction, the standard deviation of the output image of each channel within the camera decreases to about one third of the original when the camera works in the normal CCD mode, while it decreases to about one fifth of the original when the camera works in the EMCCD mode, the signal stability is significantly improved, and the measured multiplier gain of each channel is closer to the true value of the detector, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Interval estimation and inference

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-138
Author(s):  
M. D. Edge
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Specific Hypothesis ◽  
True Value

Interval estimation is the attempt to define intervals that quantify the degree of uncertainty in an estimate. The standard deviation of an estimate is called a standard error. Confidence intervals are designed to cover the true value of an estimand with a specified probability. Hypothesis testing is the attempt to assess the degree of evidence for or against a specific hypothesis. One tool for frequentist hypothesis testing is the p value, or the probability that if the null hypothesis is in fact true, the data would depart as extremely or more extremely from expectations under the null hypothesis than they were observed to do. In Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is rejected if p is less than a pre-specified value, often chosen to be 0.05. A test’s power function gives the probability that the null hypothesis is rejected given the significance level γ‎, a sample size n, and a specified alternative hypothesis. This chapter discusses some limitations of hypothesis testing as commonly practiced in the research literature.

Novel monolithic pendulum tiltmeter with Nanorad resolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kühnel ◽  
Florian Fern ◽  
Thomas Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Position Sensor ◽  
Dead Weight ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
Optical Position ◽  
Large Measurement ◽  
Measuring Frequency ◽  
Working Principle

Abstract Tiltmeters with nanorad resolution in a large measurement range of ±9 mrad (±0.5○) and a very good linearity have been developed at the Technische Universität Ilmenau in the recent years. The working principle bases on the measurement of tilt-dependent lateral forces, which act on a hanging force-compensated weigh cell (precision balance). The disadvantage is the relatively complex design of the weigh cell mechanics, the large dead weight and the high manufacturing costs. For that reason a simplified tiltmeter was developed. It only consists of two components: a monolithic pendulum mechanics and an optical position sensor. State of the art pendulum tiltmeters contain several components that are linked by screwed, clamped or glued connections. This can limit the long-term-, temperature- or humidity stability of the tiltmeter. The position sensor achieves a standard deviation of ∼ 50 pm at a measuring frequency of 10 Hz. The length of the pendulum amounts to 0.1 m, its mass is ∼ 62 g. With this combination, the theoretical standard deviation of the tilt measurement should result to ∼ 0.6 nrad at 10 Hz measuring frequency and was approved by measurements. The measurement range of the new monolithic tiltmeter amounts ∼ ±2 mrad.

Collaborative Study of the Determination of Ethoxyquin in Feeds

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-309
Author(s):  
Richard S Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Background Values ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The previously reported method for the determination of Santoquin (ethoxyquin) in feeds yielded highly reproducible results; duplicate determinations varied ± 2.6% from the mean. The use of different fluorometers gave a greater range of background values than previously. However, the average values obtained from all laboratories using the method was 99.9% of the true value over the entire range of Santoquin concentrations (0—200 ppm) studied, and 97.2% of the absolute value in the range of Santoquin concentration (100—150 ppm) ordinarily encountered in mixed feed. The standard deviation from all laboratories in the 100—150 ppm range is about 7.4% of the value observed. It is recommended that the method as previously reported be adopted as official, first action and the task force expanded to include more laboratories with a still greater variety of fluorometers before recommending that the method be adopted as official, final action.

scholarly journals An Experiment in the Earth Physics Leaning: Sunlight Observation for Determining Radius of The Earth

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Nur Islami
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Real Experiment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Earth Radius ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Real Value

In the learning of the earth physics, sometime students got comfusing due to they cannot imagine how to determine the physical property of the earth such as, its mass, its volume and its diameter. This study was focused on how to use the sunlight for degermation of the earth radius through the simple experiment. In this study, an accurate and simple method have been introduced to the student on how to measure the earth radius. The experiment just used a camera and then the student started to determine the earth radius. In the end of the experiment student can explain how the sunlight can be used to determine the earth radius mathematically. They found that the radius of the earth is about 6243.04 km with a standard deviation of 13.70 km. The average results that is obtained by student is actually within 1.9% of the real value of the earth radius which is at 6371 km. This study shows that the real experiment is definitely able to show the real experience on how to determine the earth radius.

scholarly journals Reflections on the applicability of business analytics for management accounting – and future perspectives for the accountant

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Business Analytics ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Accountant ◽  
Core Skills ◽  
True Value ◽  
Real Value

Purpose This paper aims to identify, discuss and provide suggestions for how the phenomenon of business analytics and its elements may influence management accounting and the accountant. Design/methodology/approach This paper not only identifies a number of studies from academic journals but also reports from professional consultancies and professional accounting bodies concerning future opportunities and implications for management accounting in combination with business analytics. Findings First, it was found that both academic articles and professional accounting bodies suggest changes for management accounting. Second, it shows that topics such holistic views, fact-based decisions, predictions, visualization and specific hard core skills are the most important for the accountant. Finally, the paper demonstrates that there are different ambition levels for the management accountant, depending on if s(he) wants to be on a descriptive, on a predictive or on a prescriptive level. Originality/value Even though the paper is general in nature, the paper discusses a phenomenon that for some reason has been ignored by practitioners and researchers. The true value of the paper therefore lies in making practitioners and researchers more aware of the possibilities of business analytics for management accounting, and through that, making the management accountant a real value driver for the company.

Explorations in statistics: standard deviations and standard errors

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Curran-Everett
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Free Software ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Basic Concepts

Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This series in Advances in Physiology Education provides an opportunity to do just that: we will investigate basic concepts in statistics using the free software package R. Because this series uses R solely as a vehicle with which to explore basic concepts in statistics, I provide the requisite R commands. In this inaugural paper we explore the essential distinction between standard deviation and standard error: a standard deviation estimates the variability among sample observations whereas a standard error of the mean estimates the variability among theoretical sample means. If we fail to report the standard deviation, then we fail to fully report our data. Because it incorporates information about sample size, the standard error of the mean is a misguided estimate of variability among observations. Instead, the standard error of the mean provides an estimate of the uncertainty of the true value of the population mean.

Automation of a Quantitative Immunochemical Microanalysis of Human Serum Transferrin: A Model System

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 558-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Eckman ◽  
John B Robbins ◽  
C J A Van den Hamer ◽  
John Lentz ◽  
I Herbert Scheinberg
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Model System ◽  
Serum Transferrin ◽  
Human Serum Transferrin ◽  
True Value ◽  
Immunochemical Determination

Abstract The quantitative immunochemical determination of human serum transferrin was automated with a 100-µl sample. The estimated standard deviation from the true value was 7.9 mg/100 ml in 21 samples of serum, which had transferrin concentrations of 139-325 mg/100 ml.

scholarly journals Repeatability based on growth behavior ofjabuticabeira tree genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Cristina Radaelli ◽  
Alexandre Hack Porto ◽  
Américo Wagner Júnior ◽  
Lucas da Silva Domingues ◽  
Sergio Miguel Mazaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
True Value ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Level Of Significance

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the coefficients of repeatability and determination and the minimum number of evaluations able to provide certainty levels of prediction of the real value of these individuals through stem length and the length of primary shoots in 29 jabuticabeira genotypes. The stem length and the primary shoots were evaluated between July 2012 and June 2015, representing three growth cycles. The determination of the repeatability coefficients, determination coefficients and the number of measurements required to predict the genotypes true value were performed by multivariate principal component methods based on the variance and phenotype covariance matrix. The repeatability and determination coefficients obtained are relevant for the growth traits of jabuticabeira tree genotypes evaluated. With the three evaluations carried out, it is possible to select the jabuticabeira tree genotypes with 95% accuracy for a variable stem length and with 85% for the variable shoots length, but for the same level of significance would still require 5 more evaluations.

scholarly journals Comparison of financial leasing according to the Czech accounting legislation and IAS/IFRS including taximplications

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Jana Gláserová ◽  
Milena Otavová
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Financial Leasing ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
True Value ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accounting Units

There is intensive effort of the harmonisation of accounting in the world. Primary sence of harmonisation is ensured that individual financial statements of all accounting units were comparable. Notwithstanding there are still significant differences in same areas. This contribution is aimed at define of posting and showing financial leasing according to Czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IAS/IFRS, and determination of significant differences in these legislation.The leasing is one of the form of purchase of property. So International Accounting Standards require so that a tenant (leasee) notices the subject of leasing in his assests and correlationally with obligation. After that the subject of leasing can be amortized. Argument for this way of billing is the fact, that the tenant (leasee) obtaines economic gain from use of the subject of leasing during its essential economic lifetime. For it the tenant (leasee) has to pay an amount that is about equal to real value and financial costs.The companies recording leasing according to czech legal form this fact do not record in accounting so value of their assests and obligations is lower than their actual (true) value. This procedure dis­fi­gu­res financial indicators to be important for review of financial situation of company according to International accounting standardsBecause financial leasing is the most favourite form of leasing relation, the aim of this article is determination all changes in tax legislation to be related to financial leasing during three last years. And of course outline effect of these changes on the leasing market.

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