Émilie Du Châtelet on Newtonianism and Hypotheses in the Eighteenth Century

Émilie Du Châtelet produced one of the first fully articulated accounts of the role of hypothesis in science, problematizing the debate in mid-eighteenth-century France over the roles of hypotheses, experimentation, and speculation in scientific methodology. This chapter examines her original views on the general topic of hypotheses by examining her extended attack throughout her Institutions de physique against the specific hypothesis regarding the cause of gravity held by Newtonians John Keill (1671–1721) and John Freind (1675–1728). In light of Du Châtelet’s criticism of the Keill-Freind hypothesis, we can interpret her as a clarifier of Newton (as per recent interpretations) who believes that hypothesizing about the cause of gravity, for example, can aid in that clarification, but who also believes in strict constraints placed upon the role of hypotheses in science.

Can positive and self-transcendent emotions promote pro-environmental behavior?

Many scholars have suggested that people could improve their well-being by developing closer connections with nature, and that this would also promote the sustainable behaviors needed to address climate change. Research generally corroborates this idea, but few studies have examined the more specific hypothesis that positive emotions (caused by nature or otherwise) can directly influence pro-environmental behaviors. In particular, self-transcendent emotions such as awe, compassion, and gratitude can be prompted by nature, and they seem to foster pro-social behaviors. Most pro-environmental behaviors are also pro-social; they require cooperation and they benefit others. Some recent studies suggest that self-transcendent emotions can cause pro-environmental behavior, though results are mixed overall. We identify strategies for future research to resolve these inconclusive suggestions.

Urban/Rural Workplace – A Relevant Factor in Manifesting Intercultural Sensitivity

Our paper presents the results of a questionnaire-based inquiry aimed to investigate the level of intercultural sensitivity concerning respondents’ workplace background, namely urban versus rural. The main purpose of our research is to highlight possible differences in intercultural sensitivity levels at teachers working in urban and rural schools, which constitutes our contribution to the research existing in the field. The general hypotheses of our research are: the workplace background (urban/rural) impacts the level of manifesting intercultural sensitivity; the urban workplace of respondents is connected to a higher level of manifesting intercultural sensitivity. This investigation is part of wider research that aims to identify teacher training practices that may raise pre- and in-service teachers’ levels of intercultural sensitivity and better prepare them to work with groups of students characterized by diversity, as well as solutions to educational issues in the Romanian context by considering the two different contexts in which education takes place, namely urban and rural. Our findings have revealed higher levels of intercultural sensitivity at teachers working in urban schools, compared to those working in rural schools and the results obtained for each specific hypothesis and objective reveal the particularities involved for each scale dimension.

Interval estimation and inference

Interval estimation is the attempt to define intervals that quantify the degree of uncertainty in an estimate. The standard deviation of an estimate is called a standard error. Confidence intervals are designed to cover the true value of an estimand with a specified probability. Hypothesis testing is the attempt to assess the degree of evidence for or against a specific hypothesis. One tool for frequentist hypothesis testing is the p value, or the probability that if the null hypothesis is in fact true, the data would depart as extremely or more extremely from expectations under the null hypothesis than they were observed to do. In Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is rejected if p is less than a pre-specified value, often chosen to be 0.05. A test’s power function gives the probability that the null hypothesis is rejected given the significance level γ‎, a sample size n, and a specified alternative hypothesis. This chapter discusses some limitations of hypothesis testing as commonly practiced in the research literature.

Headaches

First Rule: Triage is more important than diagnosis. Take a careful history by asking specific hypothesis-testing questions. Examine the patient. This is important. You can’t do it over the phone. Second rule: Migraines are really common after concussion; an atypical presentation of migraine is still more likely than most other types of headaches. Consider nonpharmacological measures, triptans, over-the-counter analgesics, and good prophylaxis as for regular migraine. Third rule: Patients can have more than one type of headache at the same time. Fourth Rule: Patients with medication overuse headache aren’t going to get better from anything you do until the medication overuse is addressed. Consider admitting patients with medication overuse headaches to the hospital.

MODEL ARISAN MODAL USAHA DALAM MENDUKUNG KEBERLANJUTAN PENGUSAHA KECIL DI PASAR UNIT II KABUPATEN TULANG BAWANG LAMPUNG

This study aims to analyze the business capital arisan model for small and medium entrepreneurs and the rate of development of small and medium enterprises in Pasar Unit II Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Lampung. The approach used in this study is to use a comparative approach, Ie research methodologies that attempt to quantify the data, and usually apply certain statistical analyzes. The process of collecting data by using questionnaires as a means of collecting data. Then tested the specific hypothesis to know either the relationship or influence significance. By comparative analysis or comparison, it is obtained the result of different test of business continuity before and after follow the arisan. This shows that arisan activities are very helpful as additional capital in the sustainability of their business. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan model arisan modal usaha bagi pengusaha kecil menegah dan laju perkembangan usaha kecil menengah di Pasar Unit II Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Lampung. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan komparatif, yaitu metodologi riset yang berupaya untuk mengkuantifikasi data, dan biasanya menerapkan analisis statistik tertentu. Proses pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai alat pengumpul datanya. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian hipotesis secara spesifik untuk mengetahui baik hubungan atau pengaruh signifikansinya. Dengan analisis komparatif atau perbandingan maka diperoleh hasil analisis uji beda keberlanjutan usaha sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti arisan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan keberlanjutan usaha sebelum dan setelah mengikuti arisan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan arisan sangat membantu sebagai tambahan modal dalam keberlanjutan usahanya.

Cue Awareness in Avoiding Effortful Control (in press)

Based on a cue-based metacognitive account, cognitive effort is the result of an inferential evaluation made over explicitly available cues. Following from this account, we present here a pre-registered experiment that tested the specific hypothesis that explicit awareness of cues that are aligned with cognitive demand is a prerequisite in avoiding effortful lines of action. We attempted to modulate levels of effort avoidance behavior by introducing an incentive (between-subjects) to monitor two lines of action that, unbeknownst to individuals, varied in the probability of a task switch. Importantly, previous research has demonstrated that the difference in these probabilities is relatively opaque to individuals. We did not find strong evidence for our incentive manipulation having an effect on demand avoidance as indexed by individuals’ choices in a block of the task where avoiding effort was instructed. However, when considering awareness generally, we do find that being aware of the task-switching cue appears to increase the likelihood of demand avoidance. We consider these results within the context of the metacognition of cognitive effort.