scholarly journals New lymphatic cell formation is associated with damaged brain tissue clearance after penetrating traumatic brain injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Wei Meng ◽  
Jun-Tao Yu ◽  
Jin-Yuan Chen ◽  
Peng-Fei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Cd34 Antigen ◽  
Clearance Mechanism ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury

AbstractWe characterized the tissue repair response after penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) in this study. Seventy specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were randomly divided into the following groups: normal control, 1, 3, 7, 15, 21, and 30 days after pTBI. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed to examine and monitor brain tissue morphology, and the distribution and expression of lymphatic-specific markers lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 (LYVE-1), hematopoietic precursor cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) antigen, and Prospero-related homeobox-1 (PROX1) protein. H&E staining revealed that damaged and necrotic tissues observed on day 1 at and around the injury site disappeared on day 7, and there was gradual shrinkage and disappearance of the lesion on day 30, suggesting a clearance mechanism. We explored the possibility of lymphangiogenesis causing this clearance as part of the post-injury response. Notably, expression of lymphangiogenesis markers LYVE-1, CD34, and PROX1 was detected in damaged mouse brain tissue but not in normal tissue. Moreover, new lymphatic cells and colocalization of LYVE-1/CD34 and LYVE-1/PROX1 were also observed. Our findings of the formation of new lymphatic cells following pTBI provide preliminary insights into a post-injury clearance mechanism in the brain. Although we showed that lymphatic cells are implicated in brain tissue repair, further research is required to clarify the origin of these cells.

scholarly journals Bioinformatic analysis of brain-specific miRNAs for identification of candidate traumatic brain injury blood biomarkers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Smothers ◽  
Chris Winkelman ◽  
Grant C. O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Original Analysis

AbstractBackgroundDetection of brain-specific miRNAs in the peripheral blood could serve as a surrogate marker of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we systematically identified brain-enriched miRNAs, and tested their utility for use as TBI biomarkers in the acute phase of care.MethodsPublically-available microarray data generated from 31 postmortem human tissues was used to rank 1,364 miRNAs in terms of their degree of brain-specific expression. Levels of the top five ranked miRNAs were then prospectively measured in serum samples collected from 10 TBI patients at hospital admission, as well as from 10 controls.ResultsThe top five miRNAs identified in our analysis (miR-137, miR-219a-5p, miR-128-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-138-5p) exhibited 31 to 74-fold higher expression in brain relative to other tissues. Furthermore, their levels were elevated in serum from TBI patients compared to controls, and were collectively able to discriminate between groups with 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Subsequent informatic pathway analysis revealed that their target transcripts were significantly enriched for components of signaling pathways which are active in peripheral organs such as the heart.ConclusionsThe five candidate miRNAs identified in this study have promise as blood biomarkers of TBI, and could also be molecular contributors to systemic physiologic changes commonly observed post-injury.A FINAL PEER REVIEWED VERSION OF THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN BRAIN INJURY AT THE FOLLOWING DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1764102There are some notable differences between the analysis presented in this preprint and our final peer-reviewed article. There was a single tissue sample originating from spinal cord that we had classified as a non-brain tissue in our original analysis outlined in this preprint. Because the composition of spinal cord and brain are highly similar in terms of gene expression, classifying this sample as a non-brain tissue dramatically reduced the levels of brain enrichment observed in the analysis. Because brain and spinal cord are molecularly highly similar, but technically distinct anatomical structures, we simply decided to exclude this sample from our final analysis published in Brain Injury to avoid confounds. The top 5 miRNAs identified in our original analysis still fell within the top 7 of this final analysis. In addition, the final analysis identified two additional miRNAs which could be candidate biomarkers based on levels of brain enrichment.The final article published in Brain Injury also reports an additional confirmatory tissue specificity analysis performed in a second independent dataset, as well as additional analysis examining the brain specificity of several notable previously proposed miRNA TBI biomarkers, which is not described in this preprint.

scholarly journals Effects of α‑tocopherol and ascorbic acid in the severity and management of traumatic brain injury in albino rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaafar M Ishaq ◽  
Yusuf Saidu ◽  
Lawal S Bilbis ◽  
Suleiman A Muhammad ◽  
Nasir Jinjir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Chain Reactions

ABSTRACT Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is accompanied by substantial accumulation of biomarkers of oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants reserve which initiate chain reactions that damage brain cells. The present study investigated the role of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on the severity and management of TBI in rats. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to closed head injury using an accelerated impact device. Rats were administered 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol or a combination of the two vitamins for 2 weeks pre- and post injury. Blood and brain tissue homogenates were analyzed for vitamin C, vitamin E, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and creatine kinase activities. Results: The results indicated that TBI caused significant (P < 0.05) decreased in vitamins C and E levels in the blood and brain tissue of TBI-untreated rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase in TBI rats were markedly reduced when compared with non traumatized control and showed a tendency to increased following supplementation with vitamins C and E. Supplementation of the vitamins significantly (P < 0.05) reduced malondialdehyde in the treatment groups compared with the TBI-untreated group. Conclusion: The study indicated that pre and post treatment with ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol reduced oxidative stress induced by brain injury and effectively reduced mortality rate in rats.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Expression of Cytochrome P450 1B1 in Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Erik Lidin ◽  
Mattias K. Sköld ◽  
Maria Angéria ◽  
Johan Davidsson ◽  
Mårten Risling
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Cytochrome P450 1B1 ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cyp1b1 Mrna

Hippocampal dysfunction contributes to multiple traumatic brain injury sequala. Female rodents’ outcome is superior to male which has been ascribed the neuroprotective sex hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone. Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an oxidative enzyme influencing the neuroinflammatory response by creating inflammatory mediators and metabolizing neuroprotective 17β-estradiol and progesterone. In this study, we aimed to describe hippocampal CYP1B1 mRNA expression, protein presence of CYP1B1 and its key redox partner Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in both sexes, as well as the effect of penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). A total 64 adult Sprague Dawley rats divided by sex received pTBI or sham-surgery and were assigned survival times of 1-, 3-, 5- or 7 days. CYP1B1 mRNA was quantified using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry performed to verify protein colocalization. CYP1B1 mRNA expression was present in all subregions but greatest in CA2 irrespective of sex, survival time or intervention. At 3-, 5- and 7 days post-injury, expression in CA2 was reduced in male rats subjected to pTBI compared to sham-surgery. Females subjected to pTBI instead exhibited increased expression in all CA subregions 3 days post-injury, the only time point expression in CA2 was greater in females than in males. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed neuronal CYP1B1 protein in all hippocampal subregions, while CPR was limited to CA1 and CA2. CYP1B1 mRNA is constitutively expressed in both sexes. In response to pTBI, females displayed a more urgent but brief regulatory response than males. This indicates there may be sex-dependent differences in CYP1B1 activity, possibly influencing inflammation and neuroprotection in pTBI.

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