scholarly journals The effect of phacoemulsification performed with vitrectomy on choroidal vascularity index in eyes with vitreomacular diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejeong Chun ◽  
Joo Young Kim ◽  
Jae Hyuck Kwak ◽  
Rae Young Kim ◽  
Mirinae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Image Binarization ◽  
Combined Surgery ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Full Thickness Macular Hole ◽  
Postoperative Oxygenation ◽  
Vascular Dilatation ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of cataract surgery combined with pars plana vitrectomy (ppV) on choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM) and full thickness macular hole (FTMH). Medical records of 132 eyes with ERM or FTMH were retrospectively reviewed and classified into a ppV group and a ppV combined with cataract surgery group (phaco + ppV group). The CVI were measured at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months after the surgery, using the selected swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan passing through the central fovea, which was then segmented into luminal and stromal area by image binarization. The mean CVI of phaco + ppV group were 61.25 ± 1.97%, 61.66 ± 1.81%, and 62.30 ± 1.92% at baseline, 1 and 3 months, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean CVI of ppV group were 62.69 ± 1.92%, 62.03 ± 1.51%, and 61.45 ± 1.71% at baseline, 1 and 3 months, respectively (p < 0.001). The final CVI were measured at 6 months and compared with the baseline CVI. The mean CVI of phaco + ppV group were 61.21 ± 1.99% at baseline and 60.68 ± 2.02% at 6 months (p < 0.001). The mean CVI of ppV group were 62.93 ± 1.70% at baseline and 61.77 ± 1.74% at 6 months (p < 0.001). Vitrectomy significantly decreases CVI in vitreomacular diseases possibly due to the removal of vitreomacular traction or postoperative oxygenation change in the eye. On the contrary, combined surgery of vitrectomy and cataract surgery significantly increases CVI in the early stage of postoperative period, which suggests choroidal vascular dilatation or congestion due to postoperative inflammation. Although the CVI were measured lower than the baseline in the end, more thorough inflammation control may be essential after combined surgery.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Anterior Chamber Depth in 28,709 Adult Cataract Patients in China using Swept-Source Optical Biometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Lei ◽  
Haixia Tu ◽  
Xi Feng ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cataract Patients

Abstract Background: To create an anterior chamber depth (ACD) regression model for adult cataract surgery candidates from China, and to evaluate the distribution of their ocular biometric parameters.Methods: The ocular biometric records of 28,709 right eyes of cataract surgery candidates who were treated at Aier Eye Hospitals in nine cities from 2018 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All measurements were taken with IOLMaster 700. We included patients who were at least 40 years old and were diagnosed with cataract.Results: The mean age of the patients was 68.6 ± 11.0 years. The mean values recorded were as follows: axial length (AL), 24.17 ± 2.47 mm; mean keratometry (Km) value, 44.09 ± 3.25 D; corneal astigmatism (CA), 1.06 ± 0.98 D; ACD, 3.02 ± 0.45 mm; lens thickness (LT), 4.52 ± 0.45 mm; central corneal thickness (CCT), 0.534 ± 0.04 mm; and white to white (WTW) corneal diameter, 11.64 ± 0.46 mm. The proportion of patients with long axial length (AL >25 mm) decreased with age. ACD, LT, AL, Km, WTW, and age were correlated. In the multivariate regression analysis of ACD, which included LT, AL, WTW, sex, Km, CCT, and age, there was a reasonable prediction with adjusted R2 = 0.629.Conclusions: The results show that high myopes are inclined to schedule cataract surgery at a younger age. LT and AL were found to be important factors that affect ACD. This study provides reference data for cataract patients from China.

scholarly journals An Internal Limiting Membrane Plug and Gas Endotamponade for Recurrent or Persistent Macular Hole

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Giansanti ◽  
Ruggero Tartaro ◽  
Tomaso Caporossi ◽  
Daniela Bacherini ◽  
Alfonso Savastano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Hole ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Internal Limiting Membrane ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Macular Holes ◽  
Small Gauge ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
The Mean ◽  
23 Gauge ◽  
Anatomical Success

Introduction. Recurrent or persistent macular holes (MHs) are rare today due to the tendency to carefully peel the internal limiting membrane. Conversely, their treatment is still a challenge for a vitreoretinal surgeon. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective, consecutive, and nonrandomized study of patients affected by recurrent or persistent MHs treated using small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (25- or 23-gauge) and an autologous ILM plug, at the Eye Clinic of Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (Florence, Italy) between January 2016 and May 2018. We included 8 eyes of 8 patients in the study. Five patients had a recurrent MH while 3 had a persistent MH. The case series includes patients with myopic eyes and with large macular holes (>400 μ). Patients were followed up with ophthalmoscopic examinations and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Results. The mean age of the patients was 74 years (±4.81 standard deviation (SD)), 3 patients were men and 5 women. The average axial length was 26.28 mm (±2.84 SD). Four patients had an AL ≧ 26 mm. The mean MH diameter was 436.5 (±49.82 SD). Average preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.81 logMAR (±0.16 SD) and 20/125 Snellen. The ILM plug has been found integrated in the MH in all the follow-ups. Conclusion. In our study, an ILM autologous macular transplant was used successfully in 5 cases of macular hole recurrence and 3 cases of macular hole persistence. The anatomical success was achieved in all the cases; 4 patients improved their BCVA, and 4 patients maintained it. No macular alterations such as RPE or retinal atrophy/dystrophy were observed after 6 months.

scholarly journals A comparative study of combined small-incision cataract surgery with sutureless trabeculectomy versus trabeculectomy using W-shaped incision

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
AK Khurana ◽  
U Chawla ◽  
N Passi ◽  
A Jyoti ◽  
A Archana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Combined Surgery ◽  
Small Incision Cataract Surgery ◽  
Small Incision ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Incision Technique ◽  
Group B

Introduction: Manual small-incision cataract surgery with trabeculectomy is now an acceptable option in the surgical management of combined cataract and glaucoma uncontrolled with maximum tolerated medical therapy. Objective: To compare the results and complications of combined manual small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) implantation with trabeculectomy by sutureless versus W-shaped incision technique. Materials and methods: The study included 30 eyes of 28 patients with senile cataract and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who were randomly divided into two groups. The patients in Group A (n = 15) underwent SICS with sutureless trabeculectomy and those in Group B (n =15) underwent SICS with trabeculectomy using W-shaped incision with one suture. Post-operative evaluation was done at the first post-operative day and thereafter on follow-ups at 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Results: The mean preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) in Group A was 27.33 ± 3.35 mmHg and 16.13 ± 4.30 mmHg respectively and in Group B it was 29.46 ± 6.06 mmHg and 14.66 ± 2.69 mmHg respectively. The mean reduction in IOP after 8 weeks of follow-up in Group A was 12.52 ± 3.59 mmHg and that in Group B was 16.47 ± 3.79 mmHg (p <0.001). Besides this, the uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was better in Group B postoperatively with less surgically-induced against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism. Conclusion: Combined SICS with trabeculectomy using W-shaped incision offers better prospective in terms of glaucoma control and visual performance than sutureless combined surgery. Key words: sutureless trabeculectomy; combined surgery; W-shaped trabeculectomyDOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4272Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011;3(5):13-18

scholarly journals Clinical profile and visual outcome following pars plana vitrectomy in acute post-operative endophthalmitis

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Thapa ◽  
G Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Vision

Introduction: Endophthalmitis following cataract surgery is a rare but devastating ocular complication where delay in treatment not only results in vision loss but also in difficulty to save the eye ball. Objective: To explore the clinical profile and visual outcome following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective interventional case series study conducted at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology (TIO), Nepal. All consecutive cases of acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery treated with PPV from January 2005 to August 2010 were included in the study. Results: There were a total of 34 cases (34 eyes) treated with PPV. The age range was 8 - 93 years with mean age of 56.9 ± 19.5 years. The mean duration of presentation and duration following cataract surgery was 7.7 ± 8.1days and 13 ± 11.6 days respectively. Small incision cataract surgery was done in 75 % of cases followed by phacoemulsification (15.6 %). The mean duration of the last follow -up was 4.3 months. Vision was improved in two-thirds of cases (67.67 %) with a good vision of 6/18 or better in 17.6 %. Among the available vitreous samples of 22 cases, 36.36 % had an abnormality in Gram and Giemsa stains and culture was positive in 13.6 % of cases. Conclusion: Despite the late presentation, the majority of eyes were salvaged with improvement of vision in 67.67 %, with a good vision of 6/18 or better in 17.6 4 % of cases following PPV in acute post operative endophthalmitis. Key words: Endophthalmitis, vitrectomy, cataract surgery, visual outcome DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5260 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011; 3(2): 102-108

scholarly journals The Comparison of the Surgical Outcome for the Full-Thickness Macular Hole with/without Lamellar Hole-Associated Epiretinal Proliferation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Ubukata ◽  
Hisanori Imai ◽  
Keiko Otsuka ◽  
Masaya Nishizaki ◽  
Rumiko Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Hole ◽  
Surgical Outcome ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Full Thickness Macular Hole ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lamellar Hole

Aims. To compare the surgical outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) with and without lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP). Methods. This retrospective study included 158 eyes of 158 patients with FTMH treated with PPV. The following variables were analyzed: sex, age, preoperative best corrected visual acuity (pre-BCVA), BCVA 6 months after the surgery (6M-BCVA), the axial length of eye, the minimum diameter of FTMH, the diameter of basal side of FTMH, postoperative continuity of subfoveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM), and the preoperative presence of LHEP. Results. Twenty-eight eyes had FTMH with LHEP and 130 without LHEP. The mean ± SD age (years) was 72.6 ± 7.9 and 68.6 ± 8.7, respectively (p=0.02). 6M-BCVA was 0.38 ± 0.30 and 0.26 ± 0.25, respectively (p=0.03). The diameter of basal side of FTMH (μm) was 901.5 ± 404.9 and 658.9 ± 288.1, respectively (p=0.00027). EZ was disrupted in 24 eyes and 63 eyes, respectively (p=0.00071). ELM was disrupted in 15 eyes and 23 eyes, respectively (p=0.00015). The FTMH diameters and the presence of LHEP were inversely correlated with the continuity of EZ and ELM. Conclusion. The preoperative appearance of LHEP could be one of the prognostic factor for the treatment of FTMH.

scholarly journals Combined Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery and 27-Gauge Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sami Yılmaz ◽  
Remzi Avcı ◽  
Ayşegül Mavi Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Combined Surgery ◽  
Retrospective Clinical Study ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To report the outcomes of combined surgery using femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and sutureless 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal tamponade. Methods. This retrospective clinical study involved 23 eyes of 23 patients on whom combined vitreoretinal surgery was performed. Patients were initially given the femtosecond laser treatment that was performed after selection of capsulotomy and lens fragmentation patterns. The capsulotomy diameter was chosen as 4.9 mm in all patients. After the femtosecond laser, the sutureless phacovitrectomy procedure was performed. At the end of surgery, perfluoropropane or sterile air tamponade was applied. Results. The mean age of patients was 66.43 ± 7.61 (range, 54–83) years. Fifteen patients were females (65.2%). The mean follow-up was 16.09 ± 4.71 (range, 9–25) months. The most common surgical indication was epiretinal membrane (65.3%). The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.71 ± 0.44 (range, 1.7–0.3) logMAR, and the mean postoperative BCVA at 6 months was 0.16 ± 0.14 (range, 0.4–0) logMAR p<0.001. The mean target sphere refractive error was −0.24 ± 0.16 (range, −0.50–0.11) D, and the mean postoperative spherical equivalent refractive error was −0.14 ± 0.39 (range, −1.00–0.50) D at 6 months p=0.196. All intraocular lenses (IOLs) remained well centered in the capsular bag during surgery and follow-up. There was no iris capture, posterior synechiae, capsular opacification, or pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. The only complication related to femtosecond laser was two cases of subconjunctival haemorrhage related with suction. Conclusions. FLACS is a safe and effective technique providing the advantage of repeatable, precise capsulorhexis shape and size to achieve a well-centered and stable IOL postoperatively. These advantages can certainly improve the results of vitrectomy, especially in gas-filled eyes. FLACS and 27-gauge sutureless combined surgery may be a future trend in appropriate cases.

Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Postoperative Macular Edema

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Klamann ◽  
Katharina Böttcher ◽  
Philipp Ackermann ◽  
Gerd Geerling ◽  
Marc Schargus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intravitreal Dexamethasone ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

Introduction: Macular edema after cataract surgery (Irvine-Gass syndrome) or pars plana vitrectomy is a postoperative complication which can lead to permanent visual loss. Increased inflammatory substances, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, are discussed to be causative. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postoperative macular edema. Intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) could be effective by its anti-inflammatory effect. We examined the functional and morphological results of treatment with 0.7 mg intravitreal DEX implant (Ozurdex®). Methods: In an observational study, we analyzed visual acuity (logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP), clinical findings, and the central macular thickness (CMT, optical coherence tomography [OCT] Spectralis®, Heidelberg Engineering, 30° macular scan, 19 scans) of 12 eyes before and 1 month after the last DEX implantation (off-label use, Ozurdex®, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) for macular edema after cataract surgery or vitrectomy. Re-implantation was performed when OCT showed new intraretinal fluid along with a decrease in the patient's visual acuity. The mean follow-up was 14.4 ± 10.6 months. Results: Twelve eyes of 12 patients (4 female, 8 male) with a mean age of 62.6 ± 11.9 years were treated with a mean of 2.5 ± 1.6 intravitreal DEX implant injections. Prior to injection, the visual acuity was 0.74 ± 0.34 logMAR and the CMT was 608 ± 129 µm. One month after the last injection (after a mean of 437 ± 322 days), the CMT normalized (300 ± 90 µm, p < 0.01) in all cases with a visual acuity of 0.49 ± 0.43 logMAR (p < 0.01). After 8.1 ± 5.3 months, recurring macular edema could be completely reduced by re-injection in 66% (8 patients). Four patients had no recurrence. Postinjection, the mean IOP was 17.4 ± 6.8 mm Hg. Postinjection, 7 patients required topical antiglaucomatous therapy. Conclusions: Treatment with an intravitreal DEX implant is an effective therapy for postoperative macular edema. Each injection leads to a complete resorption of the edema with a significant increase in visual acuity.

Comparison of total keratometry with corneal power measured by optical low-coherence reflectometry and placido-dual Scheimpflug system

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110206
Author(s):  
Usha Bhanu Kommineni ◽  
Ashik Mohamed ◽  
Pravin K Vaddavalli ◽  
Jagadesh C Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Corneal Power ◽  
Low Coherence ◽  
Scheimpflug Imaging ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Power Measurements ◽  
Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry

Purpose: To compare the total keratometry (TK) and astigmatism measurements in eyes with cataract using automated keratometry of swept-source optical coherence tomography (ss-OCT), optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR), simulated keratometry (SimK), and total corneal power (TCP) of combined placido-dual Scheimpflug imaging system. Setting: The study was conducted at LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. Design: Retrospective evaluation of electronic medical records of patients who were evaluated for cataract surgery Methods: Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were included in the study. All patients evaluated for cataract surgery underwent corneal power measurements using three devices: ssOCT, OLCR, and combined placido-dual Scheimpflug imaging were included in the study. Vector analysis was performed to evaluate corneal astigmatism and Bland-Altman analysis was conducted to evaluate the limits of agreement of similar parameters among devices. Results: The mean TK was statistically significantly different from the keratometry obtained from optical biometers and values measured by the Scheimpflug imaging system. The magnitude of mean difference was greater between TK and TCP (0.75 ± 0.25) compared to other variables. The mean difference in astigmatism between TK, ss-OCT-K (0.09 ± 0.12, p = 0.48), OCLR-K (0.10 ± 0.48, p = 0.91), and TCP (0.09 ± 0.47, p = 0.31) was not statistically significant but was statistically significant between TK and SimK values (0.23D ± 0.49D). The axis of orientation (<20°) of astigmatism was comparable (100%, 28 eyes) between two keratometry variables measured by ss-OCT. Conclusion: There appears to be a greater correlation of automated keratometry, and TK values obtained from ss-OCT compared to other variables studied. The measurements from TK, Simk, and TCP cannot be used interchangeably.

scholarly journals Prediction accuracy of standard and total keratometry by swept-source optical biometer for multifocal intraocular lens power calculation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hun Lee ◽  
Jae Lim Chung ◽  
Young Jun Kim ◽  
Jae Yong Kim ◽  
Hungwon Tchah
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optical Biometer

AbstractWe aimed to compare the refractive outcomes of cataract surgery with diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) using standard keratometry (K) and total keratometry (TK). In this retrospective observational case series study, a total of 302 patients who underwent cataract surgery with multifocal IOL implantation were included. Predicted refractive outcomes were calculated based on the current standard formulas and a new formula developed for TK using K and TK, which were obtained from a swept-source optical biometer. At 2-month postoperatively, median absolute prediction errors (MedAEs) and proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of predicted postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) refraction were analyzed. There was no significant difference between MedAEs or proportion of eyes within ± 0.50D of predicted refraction from K and TK in each formula. In TFNT00 and 839MP IOL cases, there was no difference between MedAEs from K and TK using any formula. In 829MP IOL cases, MedAE from TK was significantly larger than that from K in Barrett Universal II/Barrett TK Universal II (P = 0.033). In 677MY IOL cases, MedAE from TK was significantly larger than that from K in Haigis (P = 0.020) and Holladay 2 (P = 0.006) formulas. In the subgroup analysis for IOL, there was no difference between the proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 D of predicted refraction from K and TK using any formula. TFNT00 and 839MP IOLs were favorable with TK, with 677MY IOL with K and 829MP IOL being in a neutral position, which necessitates the study that investigates the accuracy of the new TK technology.

scholarly journals Microperimetry-Assessed Functional Alterations and OCT-Changes in Patients after Retinal Detachment Surgery Using Pars Plana Vitrectomy and SF6 Tamponade

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
María D. Díaz-Barreda ◽  
Isabel Bartolomé-Sesé ◽  
Ana Boned-Murillo ◽  
Antonio Ferreras ◽  
Elvira Orduna-Hospital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Detachment ◽  
Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Retinal Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Swept Source ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Index ◽  
Pars Plana

Background: We study the retinal function measured by macular integrity assessment microperimetry (MAIA) and structural changes assessed by scanning swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) between healthy individuals and patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: Cross-sectional study. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grids were measured by SS-OCT and compared with the MAIA parameters. Results: Thirty-eight eyes with RRD (19 macula-on and 19 macula-off) were compared with 113 healthy eyes. The retinal sensitivity and average total threshold were reduced in all sectors in the RRD group; macular integrity index was increased. Macular thicknesses in total retina and ganglion cell layer (GCL)++ protocols were higher in the RRD group in nasal outer (NO) and central (C) sectors and only in C sector for GCL+ protocol. Thicknesses were lower in total retina, GCL++ protocols in the temporal outer (TO) sector and in the GCL+ protocol in NO sector. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) correlated moderately with retinal sensitivity in all sectors and in just several sectors with time between the date of surgery and the test. The central nasal (CN) sector thickness and the average total threshold were higher in the macula-on subgroup. Conclusions: RRD and subsequent surgery results in functional and structural changes, especially in individuals with macular detachment.

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