scholarly journals Grain filling in barley relies on developmentally controlled programmed cell death

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Radchuk ◽  
Van Tran ◽  
Alexander Hilo ◽  
Aleksandra Muszynska ◽  
Andre Gündel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Maternal Plant ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Processing Enzymes

AbstractCereal grains contribute substantially to the human diet. The maternal plant provides the carbohydrate and nitrogen sources deposited in the endosperm, but the basis for their spatial allocation during the grain filling process is obscure. Here, vacuolar processing enzymes have been shown to both mediate programmed cell death (PCD) in the maternal tissues of a barley grain and influence the delivery of assimilate to the endosperm. The proposed centrality of PCD has implications for cereal crop improvement.

scholarly journals Programmed Cell Death in Developing Brachypodium distachyon Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 9086
Author(s):  
Safia Saada ◽  
Charles Ugochukwu Solomon ◽  
Sinéad Drea
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Processing Enzymes ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Developing Grains

The normal developmental sequence in a grass grain entails the death of several maternal and filial tissues in a genetically regulated process termed programmed cell death (PCD). The progression and molecular aspects of PCD in developing grains have been reported for domesticated species such as barley, rice, maize and wheat. Here, we report a detailed investigation of PCD in the developing grain of the wild model species Brachypodium distachyon. We detected PCD in developing Brachypodium grains using molecular and histological approaches. We also identified in Brachypodium the orthologs of protease genes known to contribute to grain PCD and surveyed their expression. We found that, similar to cereals, PCD in the Brachypodium nucellus occurs in a centrifugal pattern following anthesis. However, compared to cereals, the rate of post-mortem clearance in the Brachypodium nucellus is slower. However, compared to wheat and barley, mesocarp PCD in Brachypodium proceeds more rapidly in lateral cells. Remarkably, Brachypodium mesocarp PCD is not coordinated with endosperm development. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that barley and wheat possess more vacuolar processing enzymes that drive nucellar PCD compared to Brachypodium and rice. Our expression analysis highlighted putative grain-specific PCD proteases in Brachypodium. Combined with existing knowledge on grain PCD, our study suggests that the rate of nucellar PCD moderates grain size and that the pattern of mesocarp PCD influences grain shape.

scholarly journals Programmed Cell Death in the Developing Brachypodium distachyon Grain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safia Saada ◽  
Charles Ugochukwu Solomon ◽  
Sinéad Drea
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
List Type ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Processing Enzymes ◽  
Molecular Aspects

SummaryThe normal developmental sequence in a grass grain entails the death of several maternal and filial tissues in a genetically regulated process termed programmed cell death (PCD). The progression and molecular aspects of PCD in developing grain have been reported for domesticated species like barley, rice, maize and wheat. Here, we report a detailed investigation of PCD in the developing grain of a wild model species, Brachypodium distachyon.We detected PCD in developing Brachypodium grains using molecular and histological approaches. We also identified and surveyed the expression of Brachypodium orthologs of protease genes known to contribute to grain PCD.We found that Brachypodium nucellus degenerates by PCD in a centrifugal pattern following anthesis, although at a slower rate compared to cultivated cereals. Mesocarp PCD was not coordinated with endosperm development. Brachypodium lacks an expansion of vacuolar processing enzymes known for their roles in nucellar PCD.Combined with existing knowledge on grain PCD, our study suggests the importance of rapid nucellar PCD for grain size and that the pattern of mesocarp PCD affects grain shape.

scholarly journals The Hydrogen Sulfide Donor NaHS Delays Programmed Cell Death in Barley Aleurone Layers by Acting as an Antioxidant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Xin Zhang ◽  
Kang-Di Hu ◽  
Kai Lv ◽  
Yan-Hong Li ◽  
Lan-Ying Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Amylase Secretion ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Barley Aleurone ◽  
Lipoxygenase Gene ◽  
Aleurone Tissue

H2S is a signaling molecule in plants and animals. Here we investigated the effects of H2S on programmed cell death (PCD) in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) aleurone layers. The H2S donor NaHS significantly delayed PCD in aleurone layers isolated from imbibed embryoless barley grain. NaHS at 0.25 mM effectively reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion (·O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA), promoted the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and decreased those of lipoxygenase (LOX) in isolated aleurone layers. Quantitative-PCR showed that NaHS treatment of aleurone tissue led to enhanced transcript levels of the antioxidant genesHvSOD1, HvAPX, HvCAT1, andHvCAT2and repressed transcript levels ofHvLOX(lipoxygenase gene) and of two cysteine protease genesHvEPAandHvCP3-31. NaHS treatment in gibberellic acid- (GA-) treated aleurone layers also delayed the PCD process, reduced the content of·O2-, and increased POD activity while decreasing LOX activity. Furthermore,α-amylase secretion in barley aleurone layers was enhanced by NaHS treatment regardless of the presence or absence of GA. These data imply that H2S acted as an antioxidant in delaying PCD and enhancesα-amylase secretion regardless of the presence of GA in barley aleurone layers.

scholarly journals Vacuolar processing enzymes, AmVPE1 and AmVPE2, as potential executors of ethylene regulated programmed cell death in the lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis)

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaolathe Rantong ◽  
Arunika H.L.A.N. Gunawardena
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Processing Enzymes ◽  
Laser Capture Microscopy

Perforation formation in Aponogeton madagascariensis (Mirb.) H.Bruggen (lace plant) is an excellent model for studying developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, we isolated and identified two lace plant vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and investigated their involvement in PCD and throughout leaf development. Lace plant VPE transcript levels were determined during seven different stages of leaf development. PCD and non-PCD cells from “window” stage leaves (in which perforations are forming) were separated through laser-capture microscopy and their transcript levels were also determined. VPE activity was also studied between the cell types, through a VPE activity-based probe JOPD1. Additionally, VPE transcript levels were studied in plants treated with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The two isolated VPEs, AmVPE1 and AmVPE2, are vegetative type VPEs. AmVPE1 had higher transcript levels during a pre-perforation developmental stage, immediately prior to visible signs of PCD. AmVPE2 transcript levels were higher later during window and late window stages. Both VPEs had higher transcript and activity levels in PCD compared with the non-PCD cells. AVG treatment inhibited PCD and associated increases in VPE transcript levels. Our results suggested that VPEs are involved in the execution of the ethylene-related PCD in the lace plant.

Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Primary Brain Tumors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Seyed Mir ◽  
A.-S. Berghoff ◽  
M. Preusser ◽  
G. Ricken ◽  
J. Riedl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Primary Brain Tumors

Glial cytotoxicity of low doses of cadmium as a model of heavy metal pollution influence on vertebrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
V. Ya. Gasso ◽  
A. M. Hahut ◽  
I. A. Hasso
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Glioma Cells ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Cadmium Ions

Cadmium is a common transition metal that entails an extremely wide range of toxic effects in humans and animals. The cytotoxicity of cadmium ions and its compounds is due to various genotoxic effects, including both DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. Some bone diseases, kidney and digestive system diseases are determined as pathologies that are closely associated with cadmium intoxication. In addition, cadmium is included in the list of carcinogens because of its ability to initiate the development of tumors of several forms of cancer under conditions of chronic or acute intoxication. Despite many studies of the effects of cadmium in animal models and cohorts of patients, in which cadmium effects has occurred, its molecular mechanisms of action are not fully understood. The genotoxic effects of cadmium and the induction of programmed cell death have attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade. In recent years, the results obtained for in vivo and in vitro experimental models have shown extremely high cytotoxicity of sublethal concentrations of cadmium and its compounds in various tissues. One of the most studied causes of cadmium cytotoxicity is the development of oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage to macromolecules of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Brain cells are most sensitive to oxidative damage and can be a critical target of cadmium cytotoxicity. Thus, oxidative damage caused by cadmium can initiate genotoxicity, programmed cell death and inhibit their viability in the human and animal brains. To test our hypothesis, cadmium cytotoxicity was assessed in vivo in U251 glioma cells through viability determinants and markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The result of the cell viability analysis showed the dose-dependent action of cadmium chloride in glioma cells, as well as the generation of oxidative stress (p <0.05). Calculated for 48 hours of exposure, the LD50 was 3.1 μg×ml-1. The rates of apoptotic death of glioma cells also progressively increased depending on the dose of cadmium ions. A high correlation between cadmium concentration and apoptotic response (p <0.01) was found for cells exposed to 3–4 μg×ml-1 cadmium chloride. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) and induction of apoptosis. The results indicate a strong relationship between the generation of oxidative damage by macromolecules and the initiation of programmed cell death in glial cells under conditions of low doses of cadmium chloride. The presented results show that cadmium ions can induce oxidative damage in brain cells and inhibit their viability through the induction of programmed death. Such effects of cadmium intoxication can be considered as a model of the impact of heavy metal pollution on vertebrates.

Dynamical analysis of the programmed cell death pathway

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Carotenuto ◽  
Vincenza Pace ◽  
Dina Bellizzi ◽  
Giovanna De Benedictis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Cell Death Pathway
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