Building Blocks of the Universe

1927 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Universe

Origin and evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 799-807
Author(s):  
Joseph Silk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Observational Cosmology ◽  
Spontaneous Breaking ◽  
Fluctuation Spectrum ◽  
The Universe

Ever since the epoch of the spontaneous breaking of grand unification symmetry between the nuclear and electromagnetic interactions, the universe has expanded under the imprint of a spectrum of density fluctuations that is generally considered to have originated in this phase transition. I will discuss various possibilities for the form of the primordial fluctuation spectrum, spanning the range of adiabatic fluctuations, isocurvature fluctuations, and cosmic strings. Growth of the seed fluctuations by gravitational instability generates the formation of large-scale structures, from the scale of galaxies to that of clusters and superclusters of galaxies. There are three areas of confrontation with observational cosmology that will be reviewed. The large-scale distribution of the galaxies, including the apparent voids, sheets and filaments, and the coherent peculiar velocity field on scales of several tens of megaparsecs, probe the primordial fluctuation spectrum on scales that are only mildly nonlinear. Even larger scales are probed by study of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which provides a direct glimpse of the primordial fluctuations that existed about 106 years or so after the initial big bang singularity. Galaxy formation is the process by which the building blocks of the universe have formed, involving a complex interaction between hydrodynamical and dynamical processes in a collapsing gas cloud. Both by detection of forming galaxies in the most remote regions of the universe and by study of the fundamental morphological characteristics of galaxies, which provide a fossilized memory of their past, can one relate the origin of galaxies to the same primordial fluctuation spectrum that gave rise' to the large-scale structure of the universe.

scholarly journals Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in Visible and Hidden-Mirror Sectors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Paolo Ciarcelluti
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Dark Matter Candidate ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Mirror Matter

One of the still viable candidates for the dark matter is the so-called mirror matter. Its cosmological and astrophysical implications were widely studied, pointing out the importance to go further with research. In particular, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis provides a strong test for every dark matter candidate, since it is well studied and involves relatively few free parameters. The necessity of accurate studies of primordial nucleosynthesis with mirror matter has then emerged. I present here the results of accurate numerical simulations of the primordial production of both ordinary nuclides and nuclides made of mirror baryons, in presence of a hidden mirror sector with unbroken parity symmetry and with gravitational interactions only. These elements are the building blocks of all the structures forming in the Universe; therefore, their chemical composition is a key ingredient for astrophysics with mirror dark matter. The production of ordinary nuclides shows differences from the standard model for a ratio of the temperatures between mirror and ordinary sectorsx=T′/T≳0.3, and they present an interesting decrease of the abundance ofLi7. For the mirror nuclides, instead, one observes an enhanced production ofHe4, which becomes the dominant element forx≲0.5, and much larger abundances of heavier elements.

scholarly journals New Topological Approaches to Generalized Soft Rough Approximations with Medical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mostafa K. El-Bably ◽  
Muhammad I. Ali ◽  
El-Sayed A. Abo-Tabl
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Rough Sets ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Soft Sets ◽  
Accuracy Measure ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Lower And Upper Approximations ◽  
The Universe

There are many approaches to deal with vagueness and ambiguity including soft sets and rough sets. Feng et al. initiated the concept of possible hybridization of soft sets and rough sets. They introduced the concept of soft rough sets, in which parameterized subsets of a universe set serve as the building blocks for lower and upper approximations of a subset. Topological notions play a vital role in rough sets and soft rough sets. So, the basic objectives of the current work are as follows: first, we find answers to some very important questions, such as how to determine the probability that a subset of the universe is definable. Some more similar questions are answered in rough sets and their extensions. Secondly, we enhance soft rough sets from topological perspective and introduce topological soft rough sets. We explore some of their properties to improve existing techniques. A comparison has been made with some existing studies to show that accuracy measure of proposed technique shows an improvement. Proposed technique has been employed in decision-making problem for diagnosing heart failure. For this two algorithms have been given.

scholarly journals Design of complicated all-α protein structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koya Sakuma ◽  
Naohiro Kobayashi ◽  
Toshihiko Sugiki ◽  
Toshio Nagashima ◽  
Toshimichi Fujiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Helical Structures ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helical Protein ◽  
Helical Proteins ◽  
The Universe

A wide range of de novo protein structure designs have been achieved, but the complexity of naturally occurring protein structures is still far beyond these designs. To expand the diversity and complexity of de novo designed protein structures, we sought to develop a method for designing 'difficult-to-describe' α-helical protein structures composed of irregularly aligned α-helices, such as globins. Backbone structure libraries consisting of a myriad of α-helical structures with 5- or 6- helices were generated by combining 18 helix-loop-helix motifs and canonical α-helices, and five distinct topologies were selected for de novo design. The designs were found to be monomeric with high thermal stability in solution and fold into the target topologies with atomic accuracy. This study demonstrated that complicated α-helical proteins are created using typical building blocks. The method we developed would enable us to explore the universe of protein structures for designing novel functional proteins.

scholarly journals PROPORTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Minakshi Rajput Singh
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The uniqueness of His creation is reflected in different fields of life by the great masters throughout the ages that have born with the formation of the universe, from the big bang, till times still to come. Special ratio that can be used to describe the proportions of everything from nature’s smallest building blocks, such as atoms, to the most advanced patterns in the universe, such as unimaginably large celestial bodies. One of the key evidences presented for creation is the recurring appearance of the Divine proportion, or golden section, throughout the design of the human body and other life forms. An attempt has been made to relate Sri yantra and golden ratio and the various forms that seem to exemplify in the plan and elevation of the Indian temple. The yantra which is a complex geometry has been perfected to be used for the development of temple forms of different eras. The following paper will be a tool for the researchers to use the yantra in deriving the spaces of Indian temples.

Nonvibrating energy strings as fundamental building blocks of space and particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-352
Author(s):  
Albert Zur (Albo)
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Displacement Vector ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Position Space ◽  
3D Space ◽  
The Universe

In the proposed Energy String (ES) theory, we assume the existence of fundamental energy strings forming a generally Euclidean four-dimensional fabric of empty space as well as forming all types of particles in the universe. The 4D space fabric is composed of space energy strings bearing dark-energy as well as a newly described dark-momentum. Particles are composed of particle energy strings which interact with space energy strings inducing three-dimensional space curvatures embedded in a flat fourth-space dimension. The induced space curvatures are responsible for gravity of particles and assign a longitudinal and a transverse direction to particles. The proposed ES theory yields an adapted model of the universe with remarkable teachings as follows: (1) The fabric of space and related dark-energy are associated with a newly defined dark-momentum. This dark momentum is the sole contributor to the cosmological constant Λ in Einstein's field equations which describes the accelerated expansion of the universe. The energy of the quantum vacuum becomes nonrelevant to the cosmological constant Λ, enabling a solution to the “Cosmological Constant Problem”; (2) All particles perform an equal distance of translatory displacement in 4D-space, reflecting a universal displacement rate of particles relative to an absolute generally Euclidean 4D-space. This universal principle is equivalent to Lorentz transformation of a fundamental four-displacement vector, representing a new model of Special Relativity with superior compatibility to quantum theories. (3) Time is a displacement property of mass particles in 4D-space. Frames of 3D-space+time are the perspective by which mass particles experience 4D-space. In this perspective, absolute space longitudinally displaces over mass particles experienced as proper time elapse. Temporal momentum is an inherent invariant property of mass particles. Frames of 3D-space+time are mixed domains: three spatial coordinates of position-space and a temporal coordinate of momentum-space, meaning the position-space in the temporal coordinate is totally inaccessible.

Vernacular Cosmologies: Models of the Universe in Old English Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76
Author(s):  
Sarah Jeanne S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Old English Literature ◽  
English Prose ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Set ◽  
The Universe

Abstract This article describes a tradition of early medieval cosmological thought in the prose and poetry of the Old English corpus. This Old English cosmology uses a small set of cosmological building blocks and a relatively limited vocabulary to describe and explore a variety of structural models of the Universe. In these texts – which include but are not limited to the Old English Prose Boethius, Ælfric’s De temporibus Anni, the Old English Phoenix, and The Order of the World – each structural model relies on a combination of terms for heaven, the firmament, and a cosmic-scale ocean and seafloor. These models, each distinct, appear to fall into two loose categories which may represent two schools of thought in vernacular cosmology.

scholarly journals Search for water and life's building blocks in the universe: A summary

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29B) ◽  
pp. 436-440
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Bergin
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Universe

AbstractWater and organics need to be supplied to terrestrial worlds like our own to provide the essential compounds required for the origin of life. These molecules form initially during the earliest stages of stellar birth, are supplied by collapse to the planet-forming disk predominantly as ice, and may undergo significant processing during this collapse and within large planetesimals that are heated via radioactive decay. Water and organic carriers can be quite volatile, thus their survival as ices within rocks is not preordained. In this focus meeting our goal is to bring together astronomers, cosmochemists, planetary scientists, chemical physicists, and spectroscopists who each explore individual aspects of this problem. In this summary we discuss some of the main themes that appeared in the meeting. Ultimately, cross-field collaboration is needed to provide greater understanding of the likelihood that terrestrial worlds form with these key compounds readily available on their surfaces – and are hence habitable if present at the right distance from the star.

To the Humanities and Beyond

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Kelly Smith ◽  
Carlos Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
The Universe

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the exploration of astrobiology. While new, astrobiology's recent success has been nothing short of amazing. In just the past 25 years, scientists have learned that the building blocks of life are found basically everywhere in the universe; that getting these building blocks to engage in the kinds of complex chemistry people associate with life is far easier than people used to think; and that planets where life could potentially evolve are extremely common. Nevertheless, scientists from a variety of fields are just beginning to address the many questions raised by the real possibility of life on other planets. Relatively little research on the broader social and conceptual aspects of astrobiology has been undertaken by scholars outside the small community of space scientists. However, a fertile field awaits early adopters from other disciplines, with many profound and largely unexplored questions waiting to be addressed by relevant experts. Some of these research questions fall squarely within traditional humanities, while others span the boundary between empirical science and other fields.

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