AbstractAkt/PKB kinases are central mediators of cell homeostasis. There are three highly homologous Akt isoforms, Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ. Hyperactivation of Akt signaling is a key node in the progression of a variety of human cancer, by modulating tumor growth, chemoresistance and cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. It is now clear that, to understand the mechanisms on how Akt affects specific cancer cells, it is necessary to consider the relative importance of each of the three Akt isoforms in the altered cells. Akt1 is involved in tumor growth, cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance and is the predominant altered isoform found in various carcinomas. Akt2 is related to cancer cell invasion, metastasis and survival more than tumor induction. Most of the Akt2 alterations are observed in breast, ovarian, pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas. As Akt3 expression is limited to some tissues, its implication in tumor growth and resistance to drugs mostly occurs in melanomas, gliomas and some breast carcinomas. To explain how Akt isoforms can play different or even opposed roles, three mechanisms have been proposed: tissue-specificity expression/activation of Akt isoforms, distinct effect on same substrate as well as specific localization through the cyto-skeleton network. It is becoming clear that to develop an effective anticancer Akt inhibitor drug, it is necessary to target the specific Akt isoform which promotes the progression of the specific tumor.
Opposing roles of netrin-1 and the dependence receptor DCC in cancer cell invasion, tumor growth and metastasis
