Experimental evidence of a new class of massless fermions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kopciuszyński ◽  
Mariusz Krawiec ◽  
Lucyna Żurawek ◽  
Ryszard Zdyb
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
New Class ◽  
Massless Fermions

Massless fermions forming fortune teller states in a surface layer of Si(110).

Constructive Chemical Processors — Experimental Evidence that Shows this Class of Programmable Pattern Forming Reactions Exist at the Edge of a Highly Nonlinear Region

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (06) ◽  
pp. 1561-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. J. de Lacy Costello
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Voronoi Diagram ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Nonlinear Region ◽  
Copper Ferrocyanide ◽  
New Class ◽  
Chemical Instability ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Pattern Forming

An adapted chemical processor for the computation of a mixed cell Voronoi diagram has been fabricated. A novel copper ferrocyanide based system was combined with a ferric ferrocyanide based system. At higher substrate loading the predictable (programmable) pattern forming structure is lost as the copper system is subject to a chemical instability. The unstable copper system and analogous systems constitute a new class of pattern forming reactions.

Evolution of algebraic terms 3: Term continuity and beam algorithms

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 759-790
Author(s):  
David M. Clark ◽  
Lee Spector
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
New Class

The first paper in this series introduced the notion of term to term operation continuity for finite groupoids, and proved that two testable conditions on a finite groupoid imply that it is term continuous (TC). The second presented an evolution inspired algorithm for finding terms for operations, and gave experimental evidence that, in general, it was successful exactly when the groupoid was both idemprimal and TC. In this paper, we describe a new class of algorithms for finding terms which brings these results together. Theorems about idemprimality and term continuity show how each of these two properties impact our algorithms. They lead to a final explanation for the success of our algorithms when the groupoid is both idemprimal and TC.

Application of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Mechanoactivating Treatment for Producing Multi-Component Composite Alloying Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 379 ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.I. Yakovlev ◽  
A.V. Sobachkin ◽  
A.A. Sitnikov
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Powder Mixture ◽  
Core Wire ◽  
Temperature Synthesis ◽  
New Class ◽  
Hard Particles ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis

The work is devoted to the important problem of producing new class powdered materials by mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Mechanical activation and SHS technologies are discussed; the method of producing powder mixture for the powder electrode core (wire) is discussed. It was established that introducing hard particles (carbides) into the surface layer by means of arc surfacing with SHS-powdered electrodes increases the wear resistance of the welded layer.

How do memory modules differentially contribute to familiarity and recollection?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Hakobyan ◽  
Sen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Memory Modules ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Memory Contents

Abstract We fully support dissociating the subjective experience from the memory contents in recognition memory, as Bastin et al. posit in the target article. However, having two generic memory modules with qualitatively different functions is not mandatory and is in fact inconsistent with experimental evidence. We propose that quantitative differences in the properties of the memory modules can account for the apparent dissociation of recollection and familiarity along anatomical lines.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

The oxidation of Inconel alloy MA754 at low oxidation potential

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
D. N. Braski ◽  
P. D. Goodell ◽  
J. V. Cathcart ◽  
R. H. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Elevated Temperature Strength ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Inconel Alloy ◽  
Inco Alloy ◽  
Resistance To Oxidation ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
Cold Worked

It has been known for some time that the addition of small oxide particles to an 80 Ni—20 Cr alloy not only increases its elevated-temperature strength, but also markedly improves its resistance to oxidation. The mechanism by which the oxide dispersoid enhances the oxidation resistance is being studied collaboratively by ORNL and INCO Alloy Products Company.Initial experiments were performed using INCONEL alloy MA754, which is nominally: 78 Ni, 20 Cr, 0.05 C, 0.3 Al, 0.5 Ti, 1.0 Fe, and 0.6 Y2O3 (wt %).Small disks (3 mm diam × 0.38 mm thick) were cut from MA754 plate stock and prepared with two different surface conditions. The first was prepared by mechanically polishing one side of a disk through 0.5 μm diamond on a syntron polisher while the second used an additional sulfuric acid-methanol electropolishing treatment to remove the cold-worked surface layer. Disks having both surface treatments were oxidized in a radiantly heated furnace for 30 s at 1000°C. Three different environments were investigated: hydrogen with nominal dew points of 0°C, —25°C, and —55°C. The oxide particles and films were examined in TEM by using extraction replicas (carbon) and by backpolishing to the oxide/metal interface. The particles were analyzed by EDS and SAD.

Structural analysis of the surface-layer protein of spirillum serpens by high-resolution electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 738-739
Author(s):  
W. H. Wu ◽  
R. M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layer Protein ◽  
Morphological Unit ◽  
Resolution Electron

Spirillum serpens possesses a surface layer protein which exhibits a regular hexagonal packing of the morphological subunits. A morphological model of the structure of the protein has been proposed at a resolution of about 25 Å, in which the morphological unit might be described as having the appearance of a flared-out, hollow cylinder with six ÅspokesÅ at the flared end. In order to understand the detailed association of the macromolecules, it is necessary to do a high resolution structural analysis. Large, single layered arrays of the surface layer protein have been obtained for this purpose by means of extensive heating in high CaCl2, a procedure derived from that of Buckmire and Murray. Low dose, low temperature electron microscopy has been applied to the large arrays.As a first step, the samples were negatively stained with neutralized phosphotungstic acid, and the specimens were imaged at 40,000 magnification by use of a high resolution cold stage on a JE0L 100B. Low dose images were recorded with exposures of 7-9 electrons/Å2. The micrographs obtained (Fig. 1) were examined by use of optical diffraction (Fig. 2) to tell what areas were especially well ordered.

Electron-Mirror Microscopic Aspects of Ferroelectric Domains of BaTiO3 And Ca2Sr (C2H5CO2)6

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 478-479
Author(s):  
Teruo Someya ◽  
Jinzo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Ferroelectric Domain ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ferroelectric Domains

Recent progress in the electron-mirror microscopy (EMM), e.g., an improvement of its resolving power together with an increase of the magnification makes it useful for investigating the ferroelectric domain physics. English has recently observed the domain texture in the surface layer of BaTiO3. The present authors ) have developed a theory by which one can evaluate small one-dimensional electric fields and/or topographic step heights in the crystal surfaces from their EMM pictures. This theory was applied to a quantitative study of the surface pattern of BaTiO3).

A Method for Setting the Clearance Angle

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Michael T. Bucek ◽  
Howard J. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Clearance Angle ◽  
Crude Approximation ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

It is believed by the authors, with supporting experimental evidence, that as little as 0.5°, or less, knife clearance angle may be a critical factor in obtaining optimum quality ultrathin sections. The degree increments located on the knife holder provides the investigator with only a crude approximation of the angle at which the holder is set. With the increments displayed on the holder one cannot set the clearance angle precisely and reproducibly. The ability to routinely set this angle precisely and without difficulty would obviously be of great assistance to the operator. A device has been contrived to aid the investigator in precisely setting the clearance angle. This device is relatively simple and is easily constructed. It consists of a light source and an optically flat, front surfaced mirror with a minute black spot in the center. The mirror is affixed to the knife by placing it permanently on top of the knife holder.

Microstructure of Electro-Eroded Cemented Carbide Surfaces

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
V. N. Filimonenko ◽  
M. H. Richman ◽  
J. Gurland
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Cobalt Content ◽  
Cemented Carbides ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Diamond Paste ◽  
Plastic Carbon

The high temperatures and pressures that are found in a spark gap during electrical discharging lead to a sharp phase transition and structural transformation in the surface layer of cemented carbides containing WC and cobalt. By means of X-ray diffraction both W2C and a high-temperature monocarbide of tungsten (face-centered cubic) were detected after electro-erosion. The W2C forms as a result of the peritectic reaction, WC → W2C+C. The existence and amount of the phases depend on both the energy of the electro-spark discharge and the cobalt content. In the case of a low-energy discharge (i.e. C=0.01μF, V = 300v), WC(f.c.c.) is generally formed in the surface layer. However, at high energies, (e.g. C=30μF, V = 300v), W2C is formed at the surface in preference to the monocarbide. The phase transformations in the surface layer are retarded by the presence of larger percentages of cobalt.Metallographic examination of the electro-eroded surfaces of cemented carbides was carried out on samples with 5-30% cobalt content. The specimens were first metallographically polished using diamond paste and standard procedures and then subjected to various electrical discharges on a Servomet spark machining device. The samples were then repolished and etched in a 3% NH4OH electrolyte at -0.5 amp/cm2. Two stage plastic-carbon replicas were then made and shadowed with chromium at 27°.

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