scholarly journals Synthesis of water-soluble surfactants using catalysed condensation polymerisation in green reaction media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R. Goddard ◽  
Edward A. Apebende ◽  
Joachim C. Lentz ◽  
Kim Carmichael ◽  
Vincenzo Taresco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Soluble Surfactants ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Reaction Media

Synthesis and characterisation of novel linear surface-active polymers from temperature sensitive renewable building blocks using an inexpensive catalyst and clean scCO2 as reaction medium.

Fluorous Phases and Compressed Carbon Dioxide as Alternative Solvents for Chemical Synthesis: A Comparison

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Synthetic Procedure ◽  
Reaction Media

The principal goal of basic research in chemical synthesis is the development of efficient tools for functional group transformations and for the assembly of building blocks during the construction of molecules with increasing complexity. Traditionally, new approaches in this area have focused on the quest for new reaction pathways, reagents, or catalysts. Comparably less effort has been devoted to utilize the reaction medium as a strategic parameter, although the use of solvents is often crucial in synthetically useful transformations. The first choice for a solvent during the development of a synthetic procedure is usually an organic liquid, which is selected on the basis of its protic or aprotic nature, its polarity, and the temperature range in which the reaction is expected to proceed. Once the desired transformation is achieved, yield and selectivity are further optimized in the given medium by variation of temperature, concentration, and related process parameters. At the end of the reaction, the solvent must be removed quantitatively from the product using conventional workup techniques like aqueous extraction, distillation, or chromatography. If the synthetic procedure becomes part of a large-scale application, the solvent can sometimes be recycled, but at least parts of it will ultimately end up in the waste stream of the process. Increasing efforts to develop chemical processes with minimized ecological impact and to reduce the emission of potentially hazardous or toxic organic chemicals have stimulated a rapidly growing interest to provide alternatives to this classical approach of synthesis in solution. At the same time, researchers have started to realize that the design and utilization of multifunctional reaction media can add a new dimension to the development of synthetic chemistry. In particular, efficient protocols for phase separations and recovery of reagents and catalysts are urgently required to provide innovative flow schemes for environmentally benign processes or for high-throughput screening procedures. Fluorous liquid phases and supercritical carbon dioxide (sc CO2) have received particular attention among the various reaction media that are discussed as alternatives to classical organic solvents. The aim of this chapter is to compare these two media directly and to critically evaluate their potential for synthetic organic chemistry.

Amano Lipase PS from Burkholderia cepacia- Evaluation of the Effect of Substrates and Reaction Media on the Catalytic Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 798-807
Author(s):  
Jacek Dulęba ◽  
Tomasz Siódmiak ◽  
Michał Piotr Marszałł
Keyword(s):  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Diisopropyl Ether ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Pseudomonas Cepacia ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
Isopropenyl Acetate

: Lipases in the native or immobilized form have commonly been used as catalysts in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. One of the widely available enzyme catalysts on the market is lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (BCLs), previously called Pseudomonas cepacia (PCLs). This enzyme is applied, among others, in the stereoselective acylation of molecules to achieve chiral pure enantiomers of drugs or their building blocks. In this study, Amano lipase PS (APS-BCL), which is a commercial lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (BC) was tested. The lipolytic activity of APS-BCL by hydrolysis of vegetable oils and enantioselective activity of APS-BCL by the kinetic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with using isopropenyl acetate as an acyl donor were evaluated. An effect of reaction media with different logP values (t-butyl methyl ether, dichloromethane, diisopropyl ether, toluene, cyclohexane, n-hexane, isooctane and n-heptane) on the enantioselective activity of lipase was also studied. The high value of the enantiomeric ratio (E =308.5) with the utilization of isopropenyl acetate was achieved. Whereas, the best reaction medium turned out to be diisopropyl ether, C =47.9%, eep =98%, ees =90%, after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, the influence of ω6/ω9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio in commercial (peanut, camelina, rape, pumpkin seed, walnut, sesame, avocado, rice, corn, black cumin, hemp, safflower, grape seed) oils was investigated for the lipase activity. For the first time, the cut-off limit of ω6/ω9 ratio was proposed. The ratio equal to or higher than 2.3 allows achieving higher lipolytic activity.

scholarly journals Sıntez poverhnostno-aktıvnyh veestv kondensatsıeı sýlfırovannyh fraktsıı pırolıznoı smoly s vodnymı rastvoramı formaldegıda [Synthesis of Surfactants by Condensation of Sulfonated Pyrolysis Resin Fractions with Aqueous Formaldehyde Solutions]

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (117) ◽  
pp. 314-329
Author(s):  
N.Ý. Alıev ◽  
◽  
T.A. Iagýdeev ◽  
M.A. Kojaısakova ◽  
A.K. Mamyrbekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molecular Water ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Surface Active Properties ◽  
Soluble Surfactants ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Naphthalene Fraction ◽  
Aqueous Formaldehyde

Optimal conditions for condensation of sulfonated naphthalene fraction with 40% formaldehyde aqueous solution are found. As a feedstock, a wide fraction (180–240°C) of the pyrolysis resin of hydrocarbon gases selected at the Atyrau processing plant was used. The chemical nature of the synthesized products, which by their properties resemble surfactants of the «necal» type, has been elucidated. It was shown that the synthesized products have well-pronounced surface-active properties and a floating ability in relation to Karatau phosphate ores. High-molecular water-soluble surfactants can also be used as flocculants in various types of water treatment. With their help, wastewater and process water, as well as drinking water are removed pollution in suspended state. Найдены оптимальные условия конденсации сульфированной нафталиновой фракции с 40%-ным водным раствором формальдегида. В качестве исходного сырья использовалась широкая фракция (180–240°С) смолы пиролиза углеводородных газов, отобранной на Атырауском НПЗ. Выяснена химическая природа синтезированных продуктов, которые по своим свойствам напоминают ПАВ типа «некалей». Показано, что синтезированные продукты обладают хорошо выраженными поверхностно-активными свойствами и флотирующей способностью по отношению к фосфатным рудам Каратау. Высокомолекулярные водорастворимые ПАВ могут применяться также как флокулянты в различных видах водоочистки. С их помощью из сточных и технологических вод, а также из питьевой воды удаляют загрязнения, находящиеся во взвешенном состоянии.

scholarly journals Enzymatic identification of the load-bearing boundary lubricant in the joint.

Rheumatology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Hills ◽  
M K Monds
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Lubrication System ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽  
Boundary Lubricant ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Wear Tests

Abstract Bovine articular cartilage and synovial fluid (SF) were co-incubated with one of three enzymes selected to destroy each of the three major contenders for the active ingredient imparting such remarkable load-bearing lubrication to the normal joint. Destroying hyaluronic acid (HA), alias hyaluronan, with hyaluronidase, both frictional and wear tests displayed no significant change in accordance with most previous studies of SF alone. Destroying surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) with phospholipase A2, there was a highly significant dose-dependent compromise of lubrication as recorded on both tests. Trypsin produced a somewhat surprising result in that lubrication of the cartilage actually improved. This result can be interpreted as indicating that lubricin is not the lubricant per se, but, as a water-soluble, macromolecular, proteinaceous carrier for phospholipid, its destruction caused more SAPL to be deposited as the true load-bearing lubricant. These results are discussed in the context that SAPL, lubricin and HA each have specific roles in a comprehensive lubrication system.

scholarly journals Water-soluble β-aminobisulfonate building blocks for pH and Cu2+ indicators

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (88) ◽  
pp. 84712-84721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Cardona ◽  
Marina Kveder ◽  
Ulrich Baisch ◽  
Michael R. Probert ◽  
David C. Magri
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Uv Visible

Two phenyl β-aminobisulfonate ligands characterised by UV-visible absorption, EPR and 1H NMR spectroscopy exhibit evidence for binding with Cu2+ in water and methanol.

Novel water soluble cationic Au(I) complexes with cyclic PNNP ligand as building blocks for heterometallic supramolecular assemblies with anionic hexarhenium cluster units

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Elistratova ◽  
Igor Strelnik ◽  
Konstantin Brylev ◽  
Michael A. Shestopalov ◽  
Tatiana Gerasimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Supramolecular Assemblies ◽  
Water Soluble

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Na-CMC dari A-Selulosa Serabut Kelapa Sawit

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
Indriani Indriani ◽  
Abu Hasan ◽  
Anerasari Meydinariasty
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
By Products

Na-CMC adalah eter polimer selulosa linier yang digunakan sebagai bahan pengental, pengemulsi dan penstabil. Salah satu bahan dasar pembuatan Na-CMC yaitu serabut kelapa sawit. Serabut kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu hasil samping terbesar yang dihasilkan dalam proses pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit dan dapat dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber selulosa karena mengandung selulosa hingga 59,60%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendaptakan komposisi optimal campuran media reaksi isopropanol-etanol dan konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat serta konsentrasi NaOH dengan memvariasikan komposisi media reaksi isopropanol-etanol menjadi 20:80; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 dan 80:20, sedangkan untuk konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat yaitu 15%, 20% san 25% dan untuk konsentrasi NaOH adlah 15% dan 20%. Didapat bahwa  komposisi optimal media reaksi pada proses sintesis Na-CMC terdapat pada campuran isopropanol-etanol 80:20 dengan konsentrasi asam trikloroasetat 25% dan konsentrasi NaOH 20% menghasilkan nilai DS yang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 0,8124 dengan kemurnian dan pH berturut-turut sebesar 99,68% dan 7,9.   Na-CMC is a linear cellulose polymer ether used as a thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer. One of the basic ingredients for making Na-CMC is palm fiber. Palm fiber is one of the largest by-products produced in the palm oil processing process and can be used as a source of cellulose because it contains up to 59.60% cellulose. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimal composition of the isopropanol-ethanol reaction media mixture and the concentration of trichloroacetic acid and NaOH concentration by varying the composition of the isopropanol-ethanol reaction medium to 20:80; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 and 80:20, while the concentrations of trichloroacetic acid were 15%, 20% and 25% and the concentrations of NaOH were 15% and 20%, respectively. It was found that the optimal composition of the reaction medium in the Na-CMC synthesis process was found in a mixture of isopropanol-ethanol 80:20 with a concentration of 25% trichloroacetic acid and 20% NaOH concentration resulting in the highest DS value of 0.8124 with purity and pH respectively. 99.68% and 7.9.

Selective Transport of Water-Soluble Proteins from Aqueous to Ionic Liquid Phase via a Temperature-Sensitive Phase Change of These Mixtures

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Kohno ◽  
Nobuhumi Nakamura ◽  
Hiroyuki Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Selective Dissolution ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference

Mixtures of some ionic liquids (ILs) and water show reversible phase change between a homogeneous mixture and phase-separated state by a small change in temperature. Some water-soluble proteins have been migrated from the aqueous to the IL phase. When tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate was used as an IL, cytochrome c (Cyt.c) was found to be extracted from the water phase to the IL phase. Conversely, both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and azurin remained in the aqueous phase. This selective extraction was comprehended to be due to the difference in solubility of these proteins in both phases. The separated aqueous phase contained a small amount of IL, which induced the salting-out of Cyt.c. On the other hand, condensed IL phase promoted the salting-in of Cyt.c. As a result, Cyt.c was preferably dissolved in the hydrated IL phase rather than aqueous phase. In the case of HRP, there was only a salting-out profile upon increasing the concentration of IL, which induced selective dissolution of HRP in the aqueous phase. These results clearly suggest that the profile of salting-out and salting-in for proteins is the key factor to facilitate the selective extraction of proteins from aqueous to the IL phase.

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