Tissue regeneration: Formation and repair of the extracellular matrix

All tissues in the body contain an extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides tissue shape and form. We would indeed be the proverbial blob of jelly on the floor if this extracellular structure were not there. So the ECM is an implicit part of being multicellular and having specialized tissues and organs to carry out different functions. As something labelled as ‘structural’, the ECM tends to be taken for granted when tissue functions are being thought about. However, this belies the fact that the ECM structure is essential to support most tissue functions.

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Wound Healing Versus Regeneration: Role of the Tissue Environment in Regenerative Medicine

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2010.528 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 597-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Anthony Atala ◽

Darrell J. Irvine ◽

Marsha Moses ◽

Sunil Shaunak

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Regenerative Medicine ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Normal Tissue ◽

Disease Process ◽

Scar Formation ◽

The Body ◽

Mechanistic Basis

AbstractOne of the major challenges in the field of regenerative medicine is how to optimize tissue regeneration in the body by therapeutically manipulating its natural ability to form scar at the time of injury or disease. It is often the balance between tissue regeneration, a process that is activated at the onset of disease, and scar formation, which develops as a result of the disease process that determines the ability of the tissue or organ to be functional. Using biomaterials as scaffolds often can provide a “bridge” for normal tissue edges to regenerate over small distances, usually up to 1 cm. Larger tissue defect gaps typically require both scaffolds and cells for normal tissue regeneration to occur without scar formation. Various strategies can help to modulate the scar response and can potentially enhance tissue regeneration. Understanding the mechanistic basis of such multivariate interactions as the scar microenvironment, the immune system, extracellular matrix, and inflammatory cytokines may enable the design of tissue engineering and wound healing strategies that directly modulate the healing response in a manner favorable to regeneration.

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Mesoglea Extracellular Matrix Reorganization during Regenerative Process in Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115971 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5971

Author(s):

Maria Parisi ◽

Annalisa Grimaldi ◽

Nicolò Baranzini ◽

Claudia La Corte ◽

Mariano Dara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Regenerative Process ◽

The Body ◽

Collagen I ◽

Regenerative Processes ◽

Animal Tissues ◽

Ability To Regenerate ◽

Anemonia Viridis

Given the anatomical simplicity and the extraordinary ability to regenerate missing parts of the body, Cnidaria represent an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms regulating regenerative processes. They possess the mesoglea, an amorphous and practically acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis of the body and tentacles and consists of the same molecules present in the ECM of vertebrates, such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and proteoglycans. This feature makes cnidarians anthozoans valid models for understanding the ECM role during regenerative processes. Indeed, it is now clear that its role in animal tissues is not just tissue support, but instead plays a key role during wound healing and tissue regeneration. This study aims to explore regenerative events after tentacle amputation in the Mediterranean anemone Anemonia viridis, focusing in detail on the reorganization of the ECM mesoglea. In this context, both enzymatic, biometric and histological experiments reveal how this gelatinous connective layer plays a fundamental role in the correct restoration of the original structures by modifying its consistency and stiffness. Indeed, through the deposition of collagen I, it might act as a scaffold and as a guide for the reconstruction of missing tissues and parts, such as amputated tentacles.

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Developing Regenerative Treatments for Developmental Defects, Injuries, and Diseases Using Extracellular Matrix Collagen-Targeting Peptides

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20174072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (17) ◽

pp. 4072 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leora Goldbloom-Helzner ◽

Dake Hao ◽

Aijun Wang

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Regenerative Medicine ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

The Body ◽

Collagen Binding ◽

Developmental Defects ◽

Binding Peptides ◽

Bioactive Surfaces

Collagen is the most widespread extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the body and is important in maintaining the functionality of organs and tissues. Studies have explored interventions using collagen-targeting tissue engineered techniques, using collagen hybridizing or collagen binding peptides, to target or treat dysregulated or injured collagen in developmental defects, injuries, and diseases. Researchers have used collagen-targeting peptides to deliver growth factors, drugs, and genetic materials, to develop bioactive surfaces, and to detect the distribution and status of collagen. All of these approaches have been used for various regenerative medicine applications, including neovascularization, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we describe in depth the collagen-targeting approaches for regenerative therapeutics and compare the benefits of using the different molecules for various present and future applications.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Tissue regeneration of the vocal fold using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and synthetic extracellular matrix injections in rats.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.2889961.2558060 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Ravindhra G Elluru

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Vocal Fold ◽

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Functional analysis of chondroitin 4 sulfate constituting osseointegration

Impact ◽

10.21820/23987073.2019.8.18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (8) ◽

pp. 18-20

Author(s):

Shuhei Tsuchiya

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

The Body ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Direct Connection ◽

Tooth Replacement ◽

Living Bone ◽

Natural Tooth

Osseointegration can be defined as a direct connection, both structural and functional, between living bone and the surface of an artificial implant. Indeed, the word comes from the Greek term for 'bone' and 'to make whole'. In dentistry, once dental implants are placed, the body will react with osseointegration, enabling the implants to become a permanent part of the jaw. There are many benefits to this type of implant, compared with traditional tooth replacement options, not least that dental implants mimic the strength and functionality of a natural tooth. Dr Shuhei Tsuchiya is a researcher based in the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Nagoya University, Japan, who is interested in a range of areas, including regenerative medicine and the extracellular matrix. One of his key preoccupations, though, is shedding light on osseointegration. He and his team are working to unravel the mysteries of the mechanism.

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Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Journal of Nanobiotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12951-020-00755-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hamed Nosrati ◽

Reza Aramideh Khouy ◽

Ali Nosrati ◽

Mohammad Khodaei ◽

Mehdi Banitalebi-Dehkordi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Healing Process ◽

The Body ◽

Key Factors ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Nanocomposite Scaffolds

AbstractSkin is the body’s first barrier against external pathogens that maintains the homeostasis of the body. Any serious damage to the skin could have an impact on human health and quality of life. Tissue engineering aims to improve the quality of damaged tissue regeneration. One of the most effective treatments for skin tissue regeneration is to improve angiogenesis during the healing period. Over the last decade, there has been an impressive growth of new potential applications for nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering. Various approaches have been developed to improve the rate and quality of the healing process using angiogenic nanomaterials. In this review, we focused on molecular mechanisms and key factors in angiogenesis, the role of nanobiomaterials in angiogenesis, and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches for accelerated wound healing based on improved angiogenesis.

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Optical Microscopy and the Extracellular Matrix Structure: A Review

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071760 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1760

Author(s):

Joshua J. A. Poole ◽

Leila B. Mostaço-Guidolin

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

The Body ◽

Stimulated Emission ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging ◽

Structured Illumination ◽

Structured Illumination Microscopy

Biological tissues are not uniquely composed of cells. A substantial part of their volume is extracellular space, which is primarily filled by an intricate network of macromolecules constituting the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM serves as the scaffolding for tissues and organs throughout the body, playing an essential role in their structural and functional integrity. Understanding the intimate interaction between the cells and their structural microenvironment is central to our understanding of the factors driving the formation of normal versus remodelled tissue, including the processes involved in chronic fibrotic diseases. The visualization of the ECM is a key factor to track such changes successfully. This review is focused on presenting several optical imaging microscopy modalities used to characterize different ECM components. In this review, we describe and provide examples of applications of a vast gamut of microscopy techniques, such as widefield fluorescence, total internal reflection fluorescence, laser scanning confocal microscopy, multipoint/slit confocal microscopy, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), ground-state depletion microscopy (GSD), and photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM/fPALM), as well as their main advantages, limitations.

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