scholarly journals Molecular composition of the phosphatidylcholines produced by the phospholipid methylation pathway in rat brain in vivo

1987 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Lakher ◽  
R J Wurtman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Methylation Pathway ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Cerebral Ventricle ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

We examined the formation in vivo of molecular subspecies of brain phosphatidylcholine (PC) via the phospholipid-methylation pathway. [3H]Methionine was infused into a lateral cerebral ventricle, and 3H-labelled PC was isolated from brains of rats 0.1-18 h after the infusions. Three major subspecies of this PC, differing in their fatty acid compositions, were separated on silver-impregnated t.l.c. plates, and the proportions of radioactivities in these three PC fractions were determined. The results indicate that newly-formed PC synthesized by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine at 0.1 h after [3H]methionine contains a significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated subspecies (i.e. those with six or four double bonds) than does PC obtained later times after injection of [3H]methionine. This change in the composition of 3H-labelled brain PC occurs gradually and is not due to an influx of radioactive PC from the periphery. Our data suggest that polyunsaturated PC (hexaenes and tetraenes) produced in the brain by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine turns over faster than does that containing more-saturated fatty acids.

Dietary phytanic acid-induced changes in tissue fatty acid profiles in mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Tomonori Nakanishi ◽  
Kazuhiro Kagamizono ◽  
Sayaka Yokoyama ◽  
Ryoji Suzuki ◽  
Hiroyuki Sakakibara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Phytanic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Tissue Fatty Acid ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The aims of this research communication were to investigate the in vivo tissue accumulation of phytanic acid (PA) and any changes in the tissue fatty acid profiles in mice. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that PA is a milk component with the potential to cause both beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism and detrimental effects on neuronal cells. However, there is limited information about its in vivo actions. In this study, mice were fed diets containing either 0.00 or 0.05% 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, which is the isomer found in milk and the human body. After 4 weeks, adipose tissue, liver and brain were harvested and their fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The results showed that PA and its metabolite pristanic acid accumulated in the adipose tissue of PA-fed mice, and that dietary PA decreased the hepatic compositions of several saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid while increasing the compositions of polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. However, dietary PA neither accumulated nor had a high impact on the fatty acid profile in the brain. These results suggested that dietary PA could exert its biological activities in adipose tissue and liver, although the brain is relatively less affected by dietary PA. These data provide a basis for understanding the in vivo physiological actions of PA.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Synthesis Is Essential for Survival of Cryptococcus neoformans and a Potential Fungicidal Target

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 3537-3545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Methee Chayakulkeeree ◽  
Thomas H. Rude ◽  
Dena L. Toffaletti ◽  
John R. Perfect
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Fatty acid synthase in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is composed of two subunits encoded by FAS1 and FAS2 genes. We inserted a copper-regulated promoter (P CTR4-2 ) to regulate FAS1 and FAS2 expression in Cryptococcus neoformans (strains P CTR4-2 /FAS1 and P CTR4-2 /FAS2, respectively). Both mutants showed growth rates similar to those of the wild type in a low-copper medium in which FAS1 and FAS2 were expressed, but even in the presence of exogenous fatty acids, strains were suppressed in growth under high-copper conditions. The treatment of C. neoformans with fluconazole was shown to have an increased inhibitory activity and even became fungicidal when either FAS1 or FAS2 expression was suppressed. Furthermore, a subinhibitory dose of fluconazole showed anticryptococcal activity in vitro in the presence of cerulenin, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor. In a murine model of pulmonary cryptococcosis, a tissue census of yeast cells in P CTR4-2 /FAS2 strain at day 7 of infection was significantly lower than that in mice treated with tetrathiomolybdate, a copper chelator (P < 0.05), and a yeast census of P CTR4-2 /FAS1 strain at day 14 of infection in the brain was lower in the presence of more copper. In fact, no positive cultures from the brain were detected in mice (with or without tetrathiomolybdate treatment) infected with the P CTR4-2 /FAS2 strain, which implies that this mutant did not reach the brain in mice. We conclude that both FAS1 and FAS2 in C. neoformans are essential for in vitro and in vivo growth in conditions with and without exogenous fatty acids and that FAS1 and FAS2 can potentially be fungicidal targets for C. neoformans with a potential for synergistic behavior with azoles.

Variations in the fatty acid compositions of the liver and gonad tissue of spiny eel (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) from Atatürk Dam Lake

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Semra Kaçar ◽  
Mehmet Başhan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Atatürk Dam Lake ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

AbstractObjective:The aim of the study was to investigate quantitative and qualitative fatty acid profiles of the gonad and liver tissue of femaleMethods:Total lipids were extracted with 5 mL of chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v). Samples containing gonad and liver lipid were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography (GC).Results:The major saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in both gonad and liver tissue. Oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1 ω-7) were the prominent monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ω-6), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 ω-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 ω-3) and docoesahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3). The ratio of ω-3/ω-6 ranged from 1.55 to 3.44 and 1.18 to 2.71 in the gonad and liver tissue, respectively.Conclusion:The findings of this study will be useful for understanding the seasonal distribution of fatty acid composition in the liver and gonad of spiny eel.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Contents of Five Artemisia Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat KURSAT ◽  
Irfan EMRE ◽  
Okkeş YILMAZ ◽  
Semsettin CIVELEK ◽  
Ersin DEMIR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
High Saturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Phytochemical Contents ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

In the present study, the fatty acid compositions, vitamin, sterol contents and flavonoid constituents of five Turkish Artemisia species (A. armeniaca, A. incana , A. tournefortiana, A. haussknechtii and A. scoparia) were determined by GC and HPLC techniques. The results of the fatty acid analysis showed that Artemisia species possess high saturated fatty acid compositions. On the other hand, the studied Artemisia species were found to have low vitamin and sterol contents. Eight flavononids (catechin, naringin, rutin, myricetin, morin, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol) were determined in the present study. It was found that Artemisia species contained high levels of flavonoids. Morin (45.35 ± 0.65 – 1406.79 ± 4.12 μg/g) and naringenin (15.32 ± 0.46 – 191.18 ± 1.22 μg/g) were identified in all five species. Naringin (268.13 ± 1.52 – 226.43 ± 1.17 μg/g) and kaempferol (21.74 ± 0.65 – 262.19 ± 1.38 μg/g) contents were noted in the present study. Present research showed that the studied Artemisia taxa have high saturated fatty acids and also rich flavonoid content.

scholarly journals Impact of Brain Fatty Acid Signaling on Peripheral Insulin Action in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Susanne Neschen ◽  
Moya Wu ◽  
Christiane Fuchs ◽  
Ivan Kondofersky ◽  
Fabian J. Theis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Aims and Methods Glucose homeostasis and energy balance are under control by peripheral and brain processes. Especially insulin signaling in the brain seems to impact whole body glucose homeostasis and interacts with fatty acid signaling. In humans circulating saturated fatty acids are negatively associated with brain insulin action while animal studies suggest both positive and negative interactions of fatty acids and insulin brain action. This apparent discrepancy might reflect a difference between acute and chronic fatty acid signaling. To address this question we investigated the acute effect of an intracerebroventricular palmitic acid administration on peripheral glucose homeostasis. We developed and implemented a method for simultaneous monitoring of brain activity and peripheral insulin action in freely moving mice by combining radiotelemetry electrocorticography (ECoG) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. This method allowed gaining insight in the early kinetics of brain fatty acid signaling and its contemporaneous effect on liver function in vivo, which, to our knowledge, has not been assessed so far in mice. Results Insulin-induced brain activity in the theta and beta band was decreased by acute intracerebroventricular application of palmitic acid. Peripherally it amplified insulin action as demonstrated by a significant inhibition of endogenous glucose production and increased glucose infusion rate. Moreover, our results further revealed that the brain effect of peripheral insulin is modulated by palmitic acid load in the brain. Conclusion These findings suggest that insulin action is amplified in the periphery and attenuated in the brain by acute palmitic acid application. Thus, our results indicate that acute palmitic acid signaling in the brain may be different from chronic effects.

scholarly journals The Dietary Total-Fat Content Affects the In Vivo Circulating C15:0 and C17:0 Fatty Acid Levels Independently

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Jenkins ◽  
Manar Aoun ◽  
Christine Feillet-Coudray ◽  
Charles Coudray ◽  
Martin Ronis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dietary Biomarkers ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Complex Influence ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) have been described as dietary biomarkers of dairy-fat consumption, with varying degrees of reliability between studies. It remains unclear how the total amount of dietary fat, representing one of the main confounding factors in these biomarker investigations, affects C15:0 and C17:0 circulating concentrations independent of their relative intake. Additionally, it is not clear how changes in the dietary total-fat affects other fatty acids in circulation. Through two dietary studies with different total-fat levels but maintaining identical fatty acid compositions, we were able to see how the dietary total-fat affects the fatty acids in circulation. We saw that there was a statistically significant, proportionate, and robust decrease in the endogenous C15:0 levels with an increase in dietary total-fat. However, there was no significant change in the circulating C17:0 concentrations as the total-fat increased. To conclude, the dietary total-fat content and fat-type have a very complex influence on the relative compositions of circulating fatty acids, which are independent of the actual dietary fatty acid composition. Knowing how to manipulate circulating C15:0 and C17:0 concentrations is far-reaching in nutritional/pathological research as they highlight a dietary route to attenuate the development of metabolic disease (both by reducing risk and improving prognosis).

scholarly journals Fatty acid elongation by a particulate fraction from germinating pea

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
B R Jordan ◽  
J L Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Particulate Fraction

The synthesis of fatty acids from [14C]malonyl-CoA was studied with a high-speed particulate fraction from germinating pea (Pisum sativum). The variety used (Feltham First) produced mainly saturated fatty acids with palmitate (30–40%) and stearate (40–60%) predominating. Several palmitate-containing lipids stimulated overall synthesis and, in addition, increased the percentage of label in stearate. The production of stearate was severely inhibited by preincubation of the microsomal fraction with snake venom phospholipase A2 or by incubation with Rhizopus arrhizus lipase. Addition of a series of di-saturated phosphatidylcholines, with different acyl constituents, resulted in stimulation of overall fatty acid synthesis as well as an increase in the radiolabelling of the fatty acid two carbon atoms longer than the acyl chain added. This chain lengthening of fatty acids donated from phosphatidylcholine was due to the action of both fatty acid synthetase and palmitate elongase. The latter would utilize dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and was sensitive to arsenite whereas fatty acid synthetase would use dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and was sensitive to cerulenin. The results are discussed in relation to previous data obtained in vivo on plant fatty acid synthesis and current suggestions for the role of phosphatidylcholine in this process.

scholarly journals Cocktail biosynthesis of triacylglycerol by rational modulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferases in industrial oleaginous Aurantiochytrium

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanzeng Lan ◽  
Sen Wang ◽  
Huidan Zhang ◽  
Zhuojun Wang ◽  
Weijian Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Oleaginous Microorganism ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Functional Distribution

Abstract Background Triacylglycerol (TAG) is an important storage lipid in organisms, depending on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol; it is usually used as the feedstock for nutrition or biodiesel. However, the mechanism of assembly of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into TAGs remains unclear for industrial oleaginous microorganism. Results Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key enzyme for TAG synthesis. Hence, ex vivo (in yeast), and in vivo functions of four DGAT2s (DGAT2A, DGAT2B, DGAT2C, and DGAT2D) in industrial oleaginous thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116 were analyzed. Results revealed that DGAT2C was mainly responsible for connecting PUFA to the sn-3 position of TAG molecules. However, DGAT2A and DGAT2D target SFA and/or MUFA. Conclusions There are two specific TAG assembly routes in Aurantiochytrium. The “saturated fatty acid (SFA) TAG lane” primarily produces SFA-TAGs mainly mediated by DGAT2D whose function is complemented by DGAT2A. And, the “polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) TAG lane” primarily produces PUFA-TAGs via DGAT2C. In this study, we demonstrated the functional distribution pattern of four DGAT2s in oleaginous thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium, and provided a promising target to rationally design TAG molecular with the desired characteristics.

scholarly journals Increased Levels of De-oiled Perilla Seed Meal in Broiler Diets to Enhance n-3 Fatty Acid Proportions and Improve Efficiency Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Napatsorn Montha ◽  
◽  
Winai Yothinsirikul ◽  
Kanchit Chompupun ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Perilla Frutescens ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Perilla Seed ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

De-oiled perilla seed (Perilla frutescens L.), referred to as perilla meal, is rich in α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of increasing levels of perilla meal in broiler diets to modify the fatty acid composition and other properties of meat quality. Two-hundred broilers were divided into five groups and fed diets with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% perilla meal. The breast and thigh meat of the broilers, slaughtered at 42 days of age, were subjected to in-depth physicochemical and sensory analyses. The results showed that perilla meal efficiently modified the fatty acid compositions of the lipids of both muscles. Saturated fatty acids declined, especially C14:0 and C16:0, whereas monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased significantly in both muscle groups. The C14:1, C16:1, and C18:3 n-3 levels were found to be significantly different between treatment groups, in which the highest values were noticed in the perilla meal groups. Small increases in n-6 fatty acids resulted in commensurate decreases in n-6:n-3 ratios. Increased C18:3 n-3 proportions, as well as extended oxidative stability, were observed particularly in the 2% perilla meal inclusion. Perilla meal also increased protein content and water holding capacity (WHC), and decreased fat content and shear force; whereas the sensory evaluations were unchanged in both portions of meat.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Compositions of Six Wild Edible Mushroom Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Günç Ergönül ◽  
Ilgaz Akata ◽  
Fatih Kalyoncu ◽  
Bülent Ergönül
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Dominant Fatty Acid ◽  
Wild Edible Mushroom ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

The fatty acids of six wild edible mushroom species (Boletus reticulatus,Flammulina velutipesvar.velutipes,Lactarius salmonicolor,Pleurotus ostreatus,Polyporus squamosus,andRussula anthracina) collected from different regions from Anatolia were determined. The fatty acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and studied using fruit bodies. Fatty acid composition varied among species. The dominant fatty acid in fruit bodies of all mushrooms wascis-linoleic acid (18 : 2). Percentage ofcis-linoleic acid in species varied from 22.39% to 65.29%. The other major fatty acids were, respectively,cis-oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Fatty acids analysis of the mushrooms showed that the unsaturated fatty acids were at higher concentrations than saturated fatty acids.

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