Short-term volume and turgor regulation in yeast

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Schaber ◽  
Edda Klipp
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Intracellular Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hydrodynamic Property ◽  
Turgor Regulation ◽  
Thermodynamic Framework

Volume is a highly regulated property of cells, because it critically affects intracellular concentration. In the present chapter, we focus on the short-term volume regulation in yeast as a consequence of a shift in extracellular osmotic conditions. We review a basic thermodynamic framework to model volume and solute flows. In addition, we try to select a model for turgor, which is an important hydrodynamic property, especially in walled cells. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of the presented approach by fitting the dynamic model to a time course of volume change upon osmotic shock in yeast.

Morphological Changes in the Brain of Acutely Ill and Weight-Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Seitz ◽  
Katharina Bühren ◽  
Georg G. von Polier ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.

Absence of regional brain volume change in schizophrenia associated with short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. McClure ◽  
Khary Carew ◽  
Stacy Greeter ◽  
Emily Maushauer ◽  
Grant Steen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotic ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Regional Brain Volume

In situ studies on alginic acid synthesis and other aspects of the metabolism of Laminaria digitata

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan A. Hellebust ◽  
Arne Haug
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Alginic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Mannuronic Acid ◽  
Guluronic Acid ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis

Amino acids, particularly alanine and aspartate, become more strongly labeled than mannitol in short-term 14C-photoassimilation experiments. The amino acids are the most likely sources of carbon for alginic acid synthesis and respiration in the dark, in contrast to mannitol, which appears to be relatively unavailable. Temperature is very important in determining the rate of loss of recent photoassimilate in L. digitata. The rate of photosynthesis, on a fresh weight basis, is much higher for blades than for stipes.The time course for incorporation of photoassimilated carbon into alginate differs for the stipe and blade both in light and dark periods. Very little 14C enters alginate in blades in the dark, while alginate in stipes acquires considerable amounts of activity during dark periods. Alginate in both blade and stipe acquires 14C predominantly in mannuronic acid residues of their alginate during short-term photoassimilation periods, while guluronic acid residues become relatively more rapidly labeled during dark periods.

scholarly journals Short-Term Treadmill Running as a Model for Studying Cell-Free DNA Kinetics In Vivo

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Beiter ◽  
Annunziata Fragasso ◽  
Jens Hudemann ◽  
Andreas M Nieß ◽  
Perikles Simon
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Cross Country

BACKGROUND Increased plasma concentrations of cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) are considered a hallmark of various clinical conditions. Despite intensive research in this field, limited data are available concerning the time course of release and clearance of cf-DNA in vivo. METHODS We extracted cf-DNA from plasma samples taken before and immediately after a 10-km cross-country run, and from samples taken before, immediately after, and 30 min after exhaustive short-term treadmill exercise. The contribution of nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The incremental treadmill exercise setup was exploited to delineate the precise sequencing and timing of cf-nDNA, lactate, and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release during the exercise and recovery phases. RESULTS Postexercise plasma cf-nDNA concentrations in cross-country and treadmill runners were significantly increased, by 7.6-fold and 9.9-fold, respectively (P < 0.001). cf-nDNA concentrations were not correlated with age, sex, or body mass index. Plasma concentrations of cf-nDNA and HMGB1 in postexercise samples of treadmill runners were significantly correlated (r = 0.84; P = 0.004). cf-mtDNA concentrations were not affected by treadmill exercise. Time-course analyses demonstrated that cf-nDNA is released within minutes after the onset of exercise and is rapidly cleared from the circulation after the cessation of exercise. Nearly congruent kinetics for cf-nDNA, lactate, and HMGB1 were observed during the exercise phase. CONCLUSIONS A single bout of exhaustive short-term treadmill exercise constitutes a versatile model system suitable for addressing basic questions about cf-DNA biology.

Photosynthesis, translocation, and alginic acid synthesis in Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan A. Hellebust ◽  
Arne Haug
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Alginic Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Laminaria Hyperborea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Mannuronic Acid ◽  
Guluronic Acid ◽  
Isolated Cortex ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacities

New and old tissues of L. digitata blades have very similar photosynthetic capacities on a fresh weight basis. Very little of the photoassimilate goes into alginic acid, or other macromolecular substances in old blade tissues. Less than 1% of the photoassimilated 14C in the old blade portion of a L. digitata blade was translocated to the new blade tissues in a 5-h experiment. In contrast, there is rapid transport of photoassimilate from bark cells to cells of the underlying tissues of L. digitata and L. hyperborea stipe sections. Isolated cortex and medulla tissues of L. digitata stipes have significant photosynthetic capacities, but are probably so strongly shaded by the darkly pigmented bark cells that little photosynthesis can normally occur in these tissues.A larger proportion of the photoassimilated carbon enters alginate in the cortex and medulla than in the bark of L. digitata and L. hyperborea stipes in short-term experiments. The time course for incorporation of photosynthate into alginate in continuous and pulse-labeling experiments indicates the presence of relatively large pools of alginate precursors. A large proportion of the total 14C incorporated into alginate in short-term experiments is found in the "M–M" (mannuronic acid) and "M–G" (alternating mannuronic and guluronic acid) block components.

Recovery from Adaptation to Moving Gratings

Perception ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max J Keck ◽  
Benjamin Pentz
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Time Decay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Grating ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
Short Term Adaptation

Short-term adaptation to moving sinusoidal gratings results in a motion aftereffect which decays in time. The time decay of the motion aftereffect has been measured psychophysically, and it is found to depend on (i) the spontaneous recovery from the adapted state, and (ii) the contrast of the test grating. We have measured the decays for various test conditions. An extrapolation of the measurements allows us to obtain a decay which represents the time course of the spontaneous recovery of the direction-sensitive mechanisms.

Anticipatory saccades in sequential procedural learning in monkeys

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 1361-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Miyashita ◽  
M. K. Rand ◽  
S. Miyachi ◽  
O. Hikosaka
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Opposite Hand ◽  
Sequential Procedures ◽  
Correct Target

1. In a preceding paper we examined the short-term and long-term processes of learning of sequential procedures in monkeys. We now report that the pattern of eye movements changed along with the long-term learning. 2. The monkey's task was to press five consecutive pairs of target buttons (indicated by illumination) in the correct order for every pair, which the monkey had to find by trial and error (2 x 5 task). The whole sequence was called the "hyperset"; each pair was called the "set." 3. Initially, the saccade toward the correct target occurred after illumination of the targets (visually guided saccade). After sufficient learning, the saccade tended to occur before the target illumination (anticipatory saccade). This was true only for the hyperset that had been learned. 4. The likelihood of anticipatory saccade increased gradually over 20-30 days of practice of the particular hyperset. The time course was similar to how the hand learned (button press latency). 5. The monkeys were required to use the same hand for each hyperset throughout learning, except when we asked them to use the opposite hand. The nearly perfect performance due to the extensive practice was then deteriorated by the use of the opposite hand. We found, in addition, that anticipatory saccades became much less frequent. This finding suggests that critical for the skilled performance was the combination of the eyes and the side of the hand that was used for the practice of a given sequence.

scholarly journals Short-term Effects of Fumigation with Gaseous Methanol on Photosynthesis in Horticultural Plants

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Loreto ◽  
Domenico Tricoli ◽  
Mauro Centritto ◽  
Arturo Alvino ◽  
Sebastiano Delfine
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Methanol Vapor ◽  
Temporary Inhibition

Short-term fumigation with 1% methanol in air was carried out to investigate effects on the photosynthetic apparatus of horticultural species characterized by leaves with different stomatal distribution. Methanol decreased the photosynthetic capacity of all species. The hypostomatous cherry (Prunus avium L.) was the most sensitive species. Between the two amphistomatous species, the effect was smaller in pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) than in melon (Cucumis melo L.). A 4-minute fumigation caused a stronger inhibition of photosynthesis than a 90-second fumigation. The time course of the inhibition of the photosynthetic electron transport following a methanol fumigation of cherry leaves suggests that methanol starts inhibiting photosynthesis and photorespiration after ≈60 seconds and that the effect is complete after 180 seconds. This inhibition is not permanent, however, since gas-exchange properties recovered within 24 hours. Methanol vapor effects were greatest when leaves were fumigated on the surfaces with stomata. However, fumigation with methanol does not affect stomatal conductance. Therefore, inhibition of photosynthesis following methanol fumigation can be attributed to a temporary inhibition of biochemical reactions.

ANALISIS PENGARUH NILAI SAHAM YANG BEREDAR, STRUKTUR MODAL, RISIKO PASAR, DAN SUKU BUNGA TERHAD AP RETITRN SAHAM DI BEJ DENGAN PENDEKATAN MODEL DINAMIS (Studi Kasus Pada Sektor Aneka lndustri Tahun 1996-2002)

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ari Christianti ◽  
Murti Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Stock Return ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Model Approach

The study aims at empirically proving and analyzing the balance model of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM with the multifactor of risks, consisting of: outstanding stocks value, capital structure represented by Debt EquiQ Ratio (DER), market risk as represented by stock market beta, and the interest rate on company return on stock.This research uses a dynamic model approach considering the existence of the weaknessesin a classic linear model. Since the investment is related to investors behavior that need a lag to market change, the use of the dynamic model approach will be better. It is because the dynamic model uses autoregressive approach containing the lag. The dynamic model used here is Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and Error Correction Model (ECM).  Based on the estimation of the PAM model it is proven that the model is inefficient in finding the evidence confirming the hypothesis. Subsequently,based on the result of the examination of the ECM model it isconcluded that outstanding stocks value has a positive and signiJicant impact in short term and a negative impact in long term. It means that in the short term outstanding stocks value serves as the consideration for investors in making an investment. However in the long term they are likely to believe that the use of smaller internal capital proportion will be more beneficial for them. The capital structure has only a longierm impact on the return on stock. It means that the impact of DER on stock return on miscellaneous industry sector needs the quite long lag to influence the investors in determining stocks return. It indicates that in the long term they believ:e that the use of increasing number of loan will causes the decrease in company liquidity. Consequently, the opportunity for the company to go bankrupt is bigger Beta stock in the study has a negative impact in the long term. Theoretically, it is not consistent with the parameter direction and indicated that beta stock does notserve as an app;r,pviate prory in measuring the rislcs on. miscellaneous industry sector The interest rate has in the long term a negative impact on stocks return and needs the long lag to influence the investors in determining the return on stocks.Keywords: Stock return, outstanding stock value, DER (Debt Equity Ratio), beta, interest rote, ECM (Eruor Correction Model)

scholarly journals Diurnal fluxes of CO2 and N2O from cattle-impacted soil and implications for emission estimates

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Šimek ◽  
P. Brůček ◽  
J. Hynšt
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overwintering Area

Short-term diurnal changes in emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O were determined in a cattle overwintering area during three specific periods of the year. Production of both N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>, as determined with gas chambers buried in soil and spatially distributed changed rapidly, and the general course of fluxes of the two gases was different. CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions were basically controlled by temperature, and most gas chambers showed the same trends in CO<sub>2</sub> flux, indicating low spatial heterogeneity. In contrast, N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were much more spatially heterogeneous and each chamber had its own time course of emission; therefore, the relationship between flux and temperature was more complicated for N<sub>2</sub>O than CO<sub>2</sub>. For estimating gas emissions over long periods, we strongly recommend the use of frequent emission measurements during periods of high gas fluxes. &nbsp;

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