scholarly journals ARMC Subfamily: Structures, Functions, Evolutions, Interactions, and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutao Huang ◽  
Zijian Jiang ◽  
Xiangyu Gao ◽  
Peng Luo ◽  
Xiaofan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Armadillo Repeat ◽  
The One ◽  
Similar Domain

Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARMCs) are widely distributed in eukaryotes and have important influences on cell adhesion, signal transduction, mitochondrial function regulation, tumorigenesis, and other processes. These proteins share a similar domain consisting of tandem repeats approximately 42 amino acids in length, and this domain constitutes a substantial platform for the binding between ARMCs and other proteins. An ARMC subfamily, including ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6, has received increasing attention. These proteins may have many terminal regions and play a critical role in various diseases. On the one hand, based on their similar central domain of tandem repeats, this ARMC subfamily may function similarly to other ARMCs. On the other hand, the unique domains on their terminals may cause these proteins to have different functions. Here, we focus on the ARMC subfamily (ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6), which is relatively conserved in vertebrates and highly conserved in mammals, particularly primates. We review the structures, biological functions, evolutions, interactions, and related diseases of the ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules. We look forward to obtaining a clearer understanding of the ARMC subfamily to facilitate further in-depth research and treatment of related diseases.

Natural Vulcanization Accelerators in Hevea Latex

1948 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-859
Author(s):  
R. F. A. Altman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Bases ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
The One

Abstract As numerous investigators have shown, some of the nonrubber components of Hevea latex have a decided accelerating action on the process of vulcanization. A survey of the literature on this subject points to the validity of certain general facts. 1. Among the nonrubber components of latex which have been investigated, certain nitrogenous bases appear to be most important for accelerating the rate of vulcanization. 2. These nitrogen bases apparently occur partly naturally in fresh latex, and partly as the result of putrefaction, heating, and other decomposition processes. 3. The nitrogen bases naturally present in fresh latex at later stages have been identified by Altman to be trigonelline, stachhydrine, betonicine, choline, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ammonia. These bases are markedly active in vulcanization, as will be seen in the section on experimental results. 4. The nitrogenous substances formed by the decomposition processes have only partly been identified, on the one hand as tetra- and pentamethylene diamine and some amino acids, on the other hand as alkaloids, proline, diamino acids, etc. 5. It has been generally accepted that these nitrogenous substances are derived from the proteins of the latex. 6. Decomposition appears to be connected with the formation of a considerable amount of acids. 7. The production of volatile nitrogen bases as a rule accompanies the decomposition processes. These volatile products have not been identified. 8. The active nitrogen bases, either already formed or derived from complex nitrogenous substances, seem to be soluble in water but only slightly soluble in acetone.

Eternal Guests, Mimics, and Dönme: The Place of German and Turkish Jews in Modern Turkey

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 5-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kader Konuk
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
German Jews ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Turkish Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Turkey ◽  
The One ◽  
European Civilization

AbstractThe place of Jews was highly ambiguous in the newly founded Turkish Republic: In 1928 an assimilationist campaign was launched against Turkish Jews, while only a few years later, in 1933, German scholars—many of them Jewish—were taken in so as to help Europeanize the nation. Turkish authorities regarded the emigrants as representatives of European civilization and appointed scholars like Erich Auerbach to prestigious academic positions that were vital for redefining the humanities in Turkey. This article explores the country's twofold assimilationist policies. On the one hand, Turkey required of its citizens—regardless of ethnic or religious origins—that they conform to a unified Turkish culture; on the other hand, an equally assimilationist modernization project was designed to achieve cultural recognition from the heart of Europe. By linking historical and contemporary discourses, this article shows how tropes of Jewishness have played—and continue to play—a critical role in the conception of Turkish nationhood. The status of Erich Auerbach, Chair of the Faculty for Western Languages and Literatures at İstanbul University from 1936 to 1947, is central to this investigation into the place of Turkish and German Jews in modern Turkey.

Protein environment affects the water–tryptophan binding mode. MD, QM/MM, and NMR studies of engrailed homeodomain mutants

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 12664-12677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nad'a Špačková ◽  
Zuzana Trošanová ◽  
Filip Šebesta ◽  
Séverine Jansen ◽  
Jaroslav V. Burda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lone Pair ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Engrailed Homeodomain ◽  
The One ◽  
Protein Environment

Water molecules can interact with the π-face of tryptophan either forming an O–H⋯π hydrogen bond or by a lone-pair⋯π interaction. Surrounding amino acids can favor the one or the other interaction type.

The Duel and the Daïs: Iliadic Warfare as Spectacle

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-108
Author(s):  
Tobias Myers
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mise En Abyme ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 2 explores how the Olympians and the Iliad’s audience are positioned as viewers for the warfare in Books 1–4, and their roles defined. The first section focuses on the gods. Homer initially defines the gods’ role as viewers by drawing on two specific paradigms of live event: entertainment at a daïs (banquet), and the formal duel. Each of these paradigms carries its own suggestions as to the nature of the event, its stakes, and the relationship between viewer and action. As entertainment accompanying a daïs, the warfare may generate pleasure (terpein) for viewers whose critical role is to praise or blame the dramatic figure pulling the strings. As a spectacle modelled on the formal duel, the warfare is observed by implicated, partisan viewers, who are themselves a part of the conflict, and can become actors by entering the central space. Rich tension is generated by the combination of these paradigms. The chapter’s second section reads the opening of Book 4, in which the gods watch a duel from their daïs, as a mise en abyme of the spectacle experience offered by the Iliad to its listeners. On the one hand, the combination of duel and daïs shapes audience understanding of the kind of spectacle that they, too, are witnessing, and their own relationship to the action. On the other hand, the gods’ particular responses—both to the events on the ground and to their staging and direction—dramatize possible responses on the part of Homer’s audience.

Against realism: Hegel and Adorno on philosophy’s critical role

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-202
Author(s):  
Bernardo Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Naive Realism ◽  
Naïve Realism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Key representatives of the dialectical tradition, Hegel and Adorno conceived philosophy as a critical tool, directed both at the naive realism of ordinary reason and the more sophisticated realism of modern scientific discourse. For the two authors, philosophy’s main task is to question received ideas and practices and to expose their underlying contradictions, thereby enabling meaningful forms of cultural and political change. But while for Hegel this procedure takes the form of a systematic enquiry, leading from a spurious to a true account of reality, Adorno rejects the idea that reason and reality can be reconciled. On the one hand, he praises Hegel for having developed a truly dialectical form of criticism, set into motion by the immanent unfolding of reality’s intrinsic contradictions. On the other hand, he views Hegel’s emphasis on systematic integration as a form of dogmatism, which must itself be criticized. Instead of a ‘positive’ or ‘closed’ dialectic, fuelled by the expectation of a final overarching synthesis, Adorno calls for a ‘negative’ or ‘open’ dialectic, radically averse to all forms of unification. In doing so, however, he is led to question the very limits of conceptual reason, leaving criticism vulnerable to new forms of attack.

Comparative aspects of glycosyltransferases

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Breton ◽  
Helena Heissigerová ◽  
Charlotte Jeanneau ◽  
Jitka Moravcová ◽  
Anne Imberty
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Fold Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Conserved Motifs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One ◽  
Limited Sequence

Glycosyltransferases, the enzymes that build oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, have received much interest in recent years owing to their biological functions and their potential uses in biotechnology. Despite the fact that many glycosyltransferases recognize similar donor or acceptor substrates, there is surprisingly limited sequence identity between different classes. On the one hand, the glycosyltransferases are found in a large number of families, by sequence-based classification. On the other hand, only two structural folds have been identified among the fewer than one dozen glycosyltransferases that have been crystallized at present. Detection of conserved motifs that have a direct role in the functional aspects of glycosyltransferases is one approach for identifying remote similarity. With the availability of more crystal structures, the use of the fold-recognition approach is also very promising.

Structure of the protein encoded by the chicken proto-oncogene c-myb

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3677-3684
Author(s):  
S Gerondakis ◽  
J M Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Avian Myeloblastosis Virus ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Initiation Of Translation ◽  
Single Substitution

The retroviral oncogene v-myb arose by transduction of the chicken proto-oncogene c-myb. We isolated and sequenced cDNA that represents the entire coding domain of chicken c-myb. By transcribing the cDNA into mRNA in vitro and then translating the RNA, we were able to document the integrity of the cDNA and to identify the codon responsible for initiation of translation from c-myb. Two different alleles of v-myb are extant, one in the genome of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and the other in the genome of erythroblastosis virus 26 (E26V). The proteins encoded by the AMV and E26V alleles of v-myb differ from the product of c-myb in three ways: at their amino termini, they lack 71 and 80 amino acids respectively; at their carboxy termini, they are deficient in 199 and 278 residues; and 11 substitutions of amino acids are scattered throughout the product of AMV allele, whereas the product of the E26V allele contains only a single substitution. The structural origins of tumorigenicity by v-myb and the biological functions of c-myb remain enigmatic. The findings and molecular clones described here should now permit a systematic exploration of these enigmas.

Detection of Psychotomimetic N,N-Dimethylated Indoleamines in the Urine of Four Schizophrenic Patients

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (539) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Tanimukai ◽  
Rowena Ginther ◽  
Joanne Spaide ◽  
Joao R. Bueno ◽  
Harold E. Himwich
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Mao Inhibitor ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The One

Pollin, Cardon and Kety (18) investigated the effects of large doses of various amino acids in combination with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor on the behaviour of schizophrenics. They found that methionine in the presence of such an inhibitor was capable of producing behavioural changes which may ‘represent a biochemically induced acute flare-up of a chronic schizophrenic process on the one hand, or a toxic delirium superimposed upon chronic schizophrenia on the other’. Brune and Himwich (8) confirmed the clinical results of Pollin et al. On the basis of their previous work indicating that tryptamine appeared in increased concentrations in the urine before and during the activation of psychotic symptoms, they suggested that under loading conditions the formation of various N,N-dimethylated indoleamines might be facilitated in the body. The tertiary indoleamines so formed might mediate the psychotic effect of methionine with a MAO inhibitor on schizophrenic patients.

Conflict and Peace: History of the Northern Irish and Turkey’s Kurdish Peace Processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-109
Author(s):  
İ. Aytaç Kadıoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Agents ◽  
The One

The chapter provides an overview of the conflicts and peace processes in Northern Ireland and Turkey that dominated almost four decades of politics and security concerns in both cases. This overview demonstrates the dilemmas faced by authorities in deciding whether to adopt traditional terrorism and counter-terrorism tactics versus ‘conflict resolution’ measures. This historical account explores the transition in the perception of the British and Turkish governments on the one hand, and the leadership of the IRA and PKK, on the other. It reveals that peace efforts and violent campaigns were used together since the beginning of the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland, and since the early 1980s in Turkey. The use of violent and non-violent resolution methods depended on the attitudes of political agents in both conflicts. The chapter also reveals the agents and actors who played a critical role in the transition towards a peaceful resolution. It provides an understanding of how the attitudes and actions of the conflicting parties influenced the outcome of both peace processes.

ENZYMATICALLY PREHYDROLYZED SOYBEAN MEAL FOR MINK (Mustela vison). II. EFFECTS ON BLOOD AMINO ACIDS AND ON BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-521
Author(s):  
A. G. ROBERGE ◽  
R. J. BELZILE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Serotonin Content ◽  
Serum Amino Acids ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The One

During postweaning growth and furring, 42 male Pastel kits were distributed into four groups. One group received a conventional diet made up of raw meat and commercial cereal mix; the other groups were fed diets containing, on a wet-matter basis, 10% soybean meal, 10% soybean meal prehydrolyzed with pepsin or 10% soybean meal prehydrolyzed with papain. Dry matter, protein and energy contents were approximately the same in all diets. Weight gain over 20 wk was significantly lower in soybean meal-fed groups compared with the one fed the conventional diet. Serum amino acids and brain biogenic amines were measured. When mink were fed pepsin-treated soybean meal, there was a significant increase in serum methionine, taurine, glycine and arginine contents compared with the groups fed the conventional or soybean diets. In the pepsin-treated group, the serum urea level was significantly lower than in the groups fed untreated or papain-treated soybean meal, suggesting that pepsin treatment decreases protein catabolism. In the papain-treated group, there was more tryptophan in the serum, suggesting a greater availability for the brain and for serotonin synthesis. In this respect, comparing papain and pepsin treatments, the serotonin content was significantly higher (P < 0.01) for the papain than for the pepsin group but in the same order of magnitude as the conventional or soybean-meal groups. A greater utilization of serotonin in the pepsin group and a greater mobilization of serotonin in the papain groups seemed to dissociate these two treatments on the basis of neurotransmitter synthesis as well as of the availability of amino acids. On the other hand, whole-brain noradrenaline content was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) with both pepsin and papain treatments compared with the conventional and untreated soybean-meal groups, suggesting greater noradrenaline utilization. Key words: Mink, neurotransmitter, amino acids, soybean meal

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