Signalling during epidermal development

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Physical Accessibility ◽  
Epidermal Development ◽  
Cell Cell

The process of L1 specification early in plant embryogenesis, and subsequent maintenance and elaboration of epidermal organization, are fundamental to plant growth and fitness. To occur in a co-ordinated fashion, these processes require considerable cell–cell cross-talk. It is perhaps then unsurprising that several classes of plant RLKs (receptor-like kinases), as well as other membrane-localized signalling components, have been implicated both in epidermal specification and in patterning events governing the distribution of epidermal cell types. However, despite our growing knowledge of the roles of these signalling molecules, remarkably little is understood regarding their function at the cellular level. In particular the potential role of regulated proteolytic cleavage in controlling the activity of signalling molecules at the plant plasma membrane has remained largely unaddressed despite its massive importance in signalling in animal systems. Because of the relative physical accessibility of their expression domains, molecules involved in epidermal development present opportunities for investigating mechanisms of cell–cell signalling in planta. Advances in understanding the potential regulatory processing of membrane-localized signalling molecules during epidermal development will be examined using parallels with animal systems to highlight potential future directions for this field of research.

scholarly journals Role of p90RSK in regulating the Crabtree effect: implications for cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Redman ◽  
Paul S. Brookes ◽  
Marcin K. Karcz
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cell ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Crabtree Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Ribosomal S6 Kinase

High glucose inhibits mitochondrial respiration, known as the ‘Crabtree effect’, in cancer cells and possibly other cell types. The upstream pathways regulating this phenomenon are poorly understood. In diabetes, where glucose levels are elevated, the p90RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) has received much attention as a potential upstream mediator of the effects of high glucose. Evidence is also emerging that p90RSK may play a role in cancer cell signalling, although the role of p90RSK in regulating cancer cell metabolism is unclear. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the Crabtree effect and its relationship to mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, preliminary data are presented suggesting a role for p90RSK and its upstream components, the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) family of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), in the Crabtree effect.

scholarly journals Serotonin Pathway in Neuroimmune Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Mondanelli ◽  
Claudia Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Functional Interactions ◽  
Neuroimmune System ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Serotonin Pathway

Once considered merely as a neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-HT) now enjoys a renewed reputation as an interlocutor in the dense and continuous dialogue between neuroendocrine and immune systems. In the last decades, a role has been depicted for serotonin and its derivatives as modulators of several immunological events, due to the expression of specific receptors or enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism in diverse immune cell types. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of molecules belonging to the 5-HT pathways on the neuroimmune communication may be relevant in the clinical outcome of autoimmune/inflammatory pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis, but also in Alzheimer’s disease, or in mood disorders and major depression. Moreover, since the predominance of 5-HT is produced by enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where 5-HT and its derivatives are important mucosal signalling molecules giving rise to the so-called “brain-gut axis”, alterations in brain-gut communication are also involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Here we illustrate how functional interactions between immune and neuronal cells are crucial to orchestrate tissue homeostasis and integrity, and the role of serotonin pathway components as pillars of the neuroimmune system.

scholarly journals Insights into the cell-cell signaling and iron homeostasis in Xanthomonas virulence and lifestyle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheo Shankar Pandey ◽  
Subhadeep Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Xanthomonas Species ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Cell Cell

The Xanthomonas group of phytopathogens causes economically important diseases, which cause severe yield loss in major crops. Some Xanthomonas species are known to have an epiphytic and in planta lifestyle which are coordinated by several virulence-associated functions, cell-cell signaling (DSF; diffusible signaling factor), and environmental conditions, including iron availability. In this review, we described the role of cell-cell signaling by the DSF molecule and iron in the regulation of virulence-associated functions. Although DSF and iron are involved in the regulation of several virulence-associated functions, members of the Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens exhibit atypical patterns of regulation. Atypical patterns contribute to the adaptation to different lifestyles. Studies on DSF and iron biology indicate that virulence-associated functions can be regulated in completely contrasting fashions by the same signaling system in closely related xanthomonads.

scholarly journals Dynamin and endocytosis are required for the fusion of osteoclasts and myoblasts

2014 ◽  
Vol 207 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nah-Young Shin ◽  
Hyewon Choi ◽  
Lynn Neff ◽  
Yumei Wu ◽  
Hiroaki Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Knockout Mouse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cytoskeletal Reorganization ◽  
Knockout Mouse Model ◽  
Osteoclast Precursors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Myoblast Cell ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell–cell fusion is an evolutionarily conserved process that leads to the formation of multinucleated myofibers, syncytiotrophoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing their respective functions. Although cell–cell fusion requires the presence of fusogenic membrane proteins and actin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization, the precise machinery allowing cells to fuse is still poorly understood. Using an inducible knockout mouse model to generate dynamin 1– and 2–deficient primary osteoclast precursors and myoblasts, we found that fusion of both cell types requires dynamin. Osteoclast and myoblast cell–cell fusion involves the formation of actin-rich protrusions closely associated with clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the apposed cell. Furthermore, impairing endocytosis independently of dynamin also prevented cell–cell fusion. Since dynamin is involved in both the formation of actin-rich structures and in endocytosis, our results indicate that dynamin function is central to the osteoclast precursors and myoblasts fusion process, and point to an important role of endocytosis in cell–cell fusion.

Can transcription factors function as cell–cell signalling molecules?

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 814-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Prochiantz ◽  
Alain Joliot
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Cell Cell

scholarly journals Role of cell polarity dynamics and motility in pattern formation due to contact dependent signalling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Bajpai ◽  
Ranganathan Prabhakar ◽  
Raghunath Chelakkot ◽  
Mandar M. Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Motility ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Cell Cell

A key challenge in biology is to understand how spatiotemporal patterns and structures arise during the development of an organism. An initial aggregate of spatially uniform cells develops and forms the differentiated structures of a fully developed organism. On the one hand, contact-dependent cell-cell signalling is responsible for generating a large number of complex, self-organized, spatial patterns in the distribution of the signalling molecules. On the other hand, the motility of cells coupled with their polarity can independently lead to collective motion patterns that depend on mechanical parameters influencing tissue deformation, such as cellular elasticity, cell-cell adhesion and active forces generated by actin and myosin dynamics. Although modelling efforts have, thus far, treated cell motility and cell-cell signalling separately, experiments in recent years suggest that these processes could be tightly coupled. Hence, in this paper, we study how the dynamics of cell polarity and migration influence the spatiotemporal patterning of signalling molecules. Such signalling interactions can occur only between cells that are in physical contact, either directly at the junctions of adjacent cells or through cellular protrusional contacts. We present a vertex model which accounts for contact-dependent signalling between adjacent cells and between non-adjacent neighbours through long protrusional contacts that occur along the orientation of cell polarization. We observe a rich variety of spatiotemporal patterns of signalling molecules that is influenced by polarity dynamics of the cells, relative strengths of adjacent and non-adjacent signalling interactions, range of polarized interaction, signalling activation threshold, relative time scales of signalling and polarity orientation, and cell motility. Though our results are developed in the context of Delta-Notch signalling, they are sufficiently general and can be extended to other contact dependent morpho-mechanical dynamics.

scholarly journals Role of cell polarity dynamics and motility in pattern formation due to contact-dependent signalling

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (175) ◽  
pp. 20200825
Author(s):  
Supriya Bajpai ◽  
Ranganathan Prabhakar ◽  
Raghunath Chelakkot ◽  
Mandar M. Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Motility ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Cell Cell

A key challenge in biology is to understand how spatio-temporal patterns and structures arise during the development of an organism. An initial aggregate of spatially uniform cells develops and forms the differentiated structures of a fully developed organism. On the one hand, contact-dependent cell–cell signalling is responsible for generating a large number of complex, self-organized, spatial patterns in the distribution of the signalling molecules. On the other hand, the motility of cells coupled with their polarity can independently lead to collective motion patterns that depend on mechanical parameters influencing tissue deformation, such as cellular elasticity, cell–cell adhesion and active forces generated by actin and myosin dynamics. Although modelling efforts have, thus far, treated cell motility and cell–cell signalling separately, experiments in recent years suggest that these processes could be tightly coupled. Hence, in this paper, we study how the dynamics of cell polarity and migration influence the spatiotemporal patterning of signalling molecules. Such signalling interactions can occur only between cells that are in physical contact, either directly at the junctions of adjacent cells or through cellular protrusional contacts. We present a vertex model which accounts for contact-dependent signalling between adjacent cells and between non-adjacent neighbours through long protrusional contacts that occur along the orientation of cell polarization. We observe a rich variety of spatiotemporal patterns of signalling molecules that is influenced by polarity dynamics of the cells, relative strengths of adjacent and non-adjacent signalling interactions, range of polarized interaction, signalling activation threshold, relative time scales of signalling and polarity orientation, and cell motility. Though our results are developed in the context of Delta–Notch signalling, they are sufficiently general and can be extended to other contact dependent morpho-mechanical dynamics.

scholarly journals Role of G protein-coupled receptors-microRNA interactions in gastrointestinal pathophysiology

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (5) ◽  
pp. G361-G372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivy Ka Man Law ◽  
David Miguel Padua ◽  
Dimitrios Iliopoulos ◽  
Charalabos Pothoulakis
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Cell Cell

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) make up the largest transmembrane receptor superfamily in the human genome and are expressed in nearly all gastrointestinal cell types. Coupling of GPCRs and their respective ligands activates various phosphotransferases in the cytoplasm, and, thus, activation of GPCR signaling in intestine regulates many cellular and physiological processes. Studies in microRNAs (miRNAs) demonstrate that they represent critical epigenetic regulators of different pathophysiological responses in different organs and cell types in humans and animals. Here, we reviewed recent research on GPCR-miRNA interactions related to gastrointestinal pathophysiology, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastrointestinal cancers. Given that the presence of different types of cells in the gastrointestinal tract suggests the importance of cell-cell interactions in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, we also discuss how GPCR-miRNA interactions regulate gene expression at the cellular level and subsequently modulate gastrointestinal pathophysiology through molecular regulatory circuits and cell-cell interactions. These studies helped identify novel molecular pathways leading to the discovery of potential biomarkers for gastrointestinal diseases.

scholarly journals Production of cell-cell signalling molecules by bacteria isolated from human chronic wounds

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Rickard ◽  
K.R. Colacino ◽  
K.M. Manton ◽  
R.I. Morton ◽  
E. Pulcini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Cell Cell
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