A Paradoxical Fall in Urine Dopamine Output When Patients with Essential Hypertension Are Given Added Dietary Salt

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Harvey ◽  
I. F. Casson ◽  
A. D. Clayden ◽  
G. F. Cope ◽  
C. M. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Renal Sodium Handling

1. The effect of dietary sodium on the urine dopamine excretion of eight hypertensive patients and six matched controls was studied under metabolic balance conditions over a 2 week period during which dietary sodium intake was increased from 20 to 220 mmol/day. 2. The control group showed the expected increase in dopamine excretion in response to sodium but the hypertensive patients showed an initial fall followed by a return to baseline values. 3. Neither group showed a rise in blood pressure but the hypertensive patients showed a greater weight gain on salt loading, although this change was not significant. The cumulative sodium balance was greater and more prolonged in the hypertensive patients, although this difference also did not attain statistical significance. 4. This defect in dopamine mobilization may be important in relation to renal sodium handling by patients with essential hypertension.

Immunoreactive Substance P in Human Plasma: Response to Changes in Posture and Sodium Balance

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Kramer ◽  
R. Düsing ◽  
H. Stelkens ◽  
R. Heinrich ◽  
J. Kipnowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
High Sodium

1. In healthy volunteers plasma concentrations of immunoreactive substance P were measured in response to changes in posture and dietary salt intake. 2. In 14 subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P was 168 ± 31 pmol/l when subjects were supine and 401 ± 51 pmol/l (P < 0.001) when they were ambulant. 3. Measurement of supine plasma immunoreactive substance P at 6 h intervals gave a mean value of 240 ± 39 pmol/l at 14.00 hours and a lowest value of 76 ± 9 pmol/l at 02.00 hours. 4. In eight healthy subjects plasma immunoreactive substance P rose only slightly from 169 ± 41 pmol/l, on a sodium intake ad lib., to 244 ± 45 pmol/l by day 4 of dietary sodium restriction (35 mmol/day) and significantly fell to 51 ± 20 pmol/l (P < 0.001) by day 4 of high sodium intake (350 mmol/day). 5. Although exogenous substance P was shown to be natriuretic in dog and rat, the present results do not favour a role of endogenous substance P as a circulating natriuretic factor in man.

Urinary excretion of dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine during alterations of dietary salt intake in humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Goldstein ◽  
Robin Stull ◽  
Graeme Eisenhofer ◽  
John R. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Proximal Tubular Cells ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Tubular Cells ◽  
Proximal Tubular

1. Urinary excretion of dopamine (DA) increases during dietary salt loading. The majority of urinary DA is derived from circulating dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). Whether the increase in urinary DA excretion during salt loading results from increased efficiency of uptake of dopa by proximal tubular cells of the kidney, facilitation of intracellular conversion of dopa to DA, or increased delivery of dopa to tubular uptake sites, has been unknown. 2. In 10 inpatient normal volunteers on a constant diet, daily excretion of dopa and DA was assessed during normal sodium intake (109 mmol/day) for 1 week, low sodium intake (9 mmol/day) for 1 week and high sodium intake (249 mmol/day) for 1 week. 3. Urinary DA excretion exceeded urinary dopa excretion by about tenfold, and the excretion of both DA and dopa increased by about twofold between the low and high salt diets, with similar proportionate changes. Plasma dopa was unchanged by dietary salt manipulation. 4. The results indicate that increases in urinary DA excretion during dietary salt loading can be accounted for by increased delivery of dopa to sites of uptake by proximal tubular cells. Since dopa is released into the bloodstream by sympathetic nerve endings and by the brain, and since interference with decarboxylation of dopa attenuates natriuretic responses, dopa may function indirectly as a neurohormone involved in homoeostatic regulation of sodium balance.

Effects of changes in dietary sodium intake on aortic sodium pump activity in the rat

1987 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradlaugh ◽  
Robert F. Bing ◽  
John D. Swales ◽  
Herbert Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Salt Restriction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

1. Aortic smooth muscle sodium efflux was studied in normal rats undergoing salt restriction or salt loading. 2. Sodium efflux rate constant was not changed by salt loading but fell significantly with salt restriction. This change was not associated with a fall in blood pressure. 3. These studies show that smooth muscle sodium transport can be influenced by dietary salt intake but do not support the concept that salt loading leads to the inhibition of the vascular smooth muscle sodium pump.

scholarly journals The Effects of Short-Term Changes in Sodium Intake on Plasma Marinobufagenin Levels in Patients with Primary Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Insensitive Hypertension

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1502
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Łabno-Kirszniok ◽  
Agata Kujawa-Szewieczek ◽  
Andrzej Wiecek ◽  
Grzegorz Piecha
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Restriction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Dietary Sodium Restriction

Increased marinobufagenin (MBG) synthesis has been suggested in response to high dietary salt intake. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short-term changes in sodium intake on plasma MBG levels in patients with primary salt-sensitive and salt-insensitive hypertension. In total, 51 patients with primary hypertension were evaluated during acute sodium restriction and sodium loading. Plasma or serum concentrations of MBG, natriuretic pro-peptides, aldosterone, sodium, potassium, as well as hematocrit (Hct) value, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and echocardiography were performed at baseline. In salt-sensitive patients with primary hypertension plasma MBG correlated positively with diastolic blood pressure (ABPM) and serum NT-proANP concentration at baseline and with serum NT-proANP concentration after dietary sodium restriction. In this subgroup plasma MBG concentration decreased during sodium restriction, and a parallel increase of PRA was observed. Acute salt loading further decreased plasma MBG concentration in salt-sensitive subjects in contrast to salt insensitive patients. No correlation was found between plasma MBG concentration and left ventricular mass index. In conclusion, in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients plasma MBG concentration correlates with 24-h diastolic blood pressure and dietary sodium restriction reduces plasma MBG levels. Decreased MBG secretion in response to acute salt loading may play an important role in the pathogenesis of salt sensitivity.

Effect of Proportional Reduction of Sodium Intake on the Adaptive Increase in Glomerular Filtration Rate/Nephron and Potassium and Phosphate Excretion in Chronic Renal Failure in the Rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Espinel
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phosphate Excretion

1. The influence of dietary sodium intake on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR/nephron) and potassium and phosphate excretion was examined at three stages of progressive chronic renal failure produced in rats by sequential partial nephrectomies. 2. The adaptive increased sodium excretion per nephron in the control group receiving a constant sodium intake did not occur in the experimental group that had a gradual reduction of dietary sodium in direct proportion to the fall in GFR. 3. Despite the difference in sodium excretion, the increase in GFR/nephron, the daily variation in the amount of potassium and phosphate excreted, the increase in potassium and phosphate excretion per unit nephron, and the plasma potassium and phosphate concentrations were the same in the two groups. 4. The concept of ‘autonomous adaptation’ in chronic renal failure is presented.

HLA Antigens in Spanish Patients with Essential Hypertension

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 367s-368s ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fernandez-Cruz ◽  
M. Luque Otero ◽  
L. Llorente Perez ◽  
C. Fernandez Pinilla ◽  
N. Martell Claros
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Hla Antigens ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension

1. Human leucocyte AB antigens were determined by means of a lymphocyte toxicity test in 84 patients with essential hypertension and in 1000 blood donors. 2. The prevalence of HLA B8 was 16.4% in hypertensive patients and 8.9% in controls (P = 0.07). 3. The prevalence of HLA B12 was 34.5% in hypertensive patients and 26.9% in the control group (N.S.). In WHO stage III hypertension HLA B12 was found in six out of 10 patients. 4. The prevalence of HLA B15 was 1.2% in hypertensive patients and 6.4% in controls (P &lt; 0.05). 5. In view of a previous report of HLA antigens in a Spanish diabetic population, this study does not support the suggestion of a genetic and possibly HLA-linked connection between essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus among the Spanish population. 6. A positive family history of hypertension tended to be more common in those patients with essential hypertension associated with HLA B8.

scholarly journals Genotyping of Essential Hypertension Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms by a Homogeneous PCR Method with Universal Energy Transfer Primers

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2131-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikh Bengra ◽  
Theodore E Mifflin ◽  
Yuri Khripin ◽  
Paolo Manunta ◽  
Scott M Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Restriction Endonucleases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Unique Restriction ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Background: Human hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease with a heritability of more than 30–50%. A genetic screening test based on analysis of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess the likelihood of developing hypertension would be helpful for disease management. Methods: Tailed allele-specific primers were designed to amplify by PCR six biallelic SNP loci [three in G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4): R65L, A142V, and A486V; two in angiotensinogen: −6G→A and M235T; and one in aldosterone synthase: −344C→T] associated with essential hypertension. PCRs of SNP loci were coupled (via a common sequence of 21 nucleotide tails) to incorporate Universal Amplifluor™ primers labeled with fluorescein or sulforhodamine in a homogeneous format. Use of Amplifluors in SNP PCRs produced labeled amplicons, the fluorescence of which was quantified by a microplate reader and then analyzed via an Excel macro to provide genotypes for all six SNP loci. Unique restriction endonucleases were identified for five SNP loci that could independently confirm homogeneous PCR results when needed. Results: We developed six homogeneous PCR assays that were set up, performed, and fluorometrically analyzed in 96-well microplates. Allele frequencies were determined for six SNPs in 60 Italian hypertensive patients and a control group of 60 normotensive persons. A significant correlation (P = 0.034) between one SNP [GRK4 (A486V)] and the hypertensive patients was observed. Genotyping results for five of six SNPs were confirmed by digesting corresponding amplicons with locus-specific restriction endonucleases. Conclusions: We developed a simple and homogeneous fluorescent protocol that has been used to determine the SNP genotype for six loci in a population of hypertensive and normotensive persons. We also observed a significant association (P = 0.034) between one SNP (A486V) and an Italian population of mildly hypertensive patients.

Hormonal responses to gradual changes in dietary sodium intake in humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. R1171-R1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Sagnella ◽  
N. D. Markandu ◽  
M. G. Buckley ◽  
M. A. Miller ◽  
D. R. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Hormonal Responses

The effects of gradual (50 mmol/day) increases in dietary sodium intake from 10 to 350 mmol/day on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in six normal subjects. With the increases in sodium intake there was a progressive increase in urinary sodium from 12.2 +/- 4.4 to 314.8 +/- 31.4 mmol/24 h; plasma ANP increased gradually from 9.9 +/- 1.1 to 23.3 +/- 2.2 pg/ml, with the increases being closely associated with the changes in cumulative sodium balance. Plasma aldosterone decreased significantly from 2,519.7 +/- 147.4 pmol/l on the 10 mmol/day to 1,393.3 +/- 125.4 pmol/l when the sodium intake was increased to 50 mmol/day and decreased further to 251.6 +/- 78.7 pmol/l by the end of the study. The changes in PRA paralleled those in plasma aldosterone with the exception of no significant change in plasma PRA within 24 h of the initial increase in sodium intake. This marked sensitivity in the responses of both the ANP and the renin-aldosterone system to small increases in sodium intake clearly points to their importance in the renal adaptations to alterations in dietary sodium intake.

scholarly journals Sodium Intake and Hypertension

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grillo ◽  
Salvi ◽  
Coruzzi ◽  
Salvi ◽  
Parati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
And Function ◽  
Modest Reduction

The close relationship between hypertension and dietary sodium intake is widely recognized and supported by several studies. A reduction in dietary sodium not only decreases the blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension, but is also associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged modest reduction in salt intake induces a relevant fall in blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, irrespective of sex and ethnic group, with larger falls in systolic blood pressure for larger reductions in dietary salt. The high sodium intake and the increase in blood pressure levels are related to water retention, increase in systemic peripheral resistance, alterations in the endothelial function, changes in the structure and function of large elastic arteries, modification in sympathetic activity, and in the autonomic neuronal modulation of the cardiovascular system. In this review, we have focused on the effects of sodium intake on vascular hemodynamics and their implication in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

scholarly journals Effects of AT1A receptor deletion on blood pressure and sodium excretion during altered dietary salt intake

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. F447-F453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Mangrum ◽  
R. Ariel Gomez ◽  
Victoria F. Norwood
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Pressure Natriuresis

The present study was performed to investigate the role of type 1A ANG II (AT1A) receptors in regulating sodium balance and blood pressure maintenance during chronic dietary sodium variations in AT1A receptor-deficient (−/−) mice. Groups of AT1A (−/−) and wild-type mice were placed on a low (LS)-, normal (NS)-, or high-salt (HS) diet for 3 wk. AT1A(−/−) mice on an LS diet had high urinary volume and low blood pressure despite increased renin and aldosterone levels. On an HS diet, (−/−) mice demonstrated significant diuresis, yet blood pressure increased to levels greater than control littermates. There was no effect of dietary sodium intake on systolic blood pressures in wild-type animals. The pressure-natriuresis relationship in AT1A (−/−) mice demonstrated a shift to the left and a decreased slope compared with wild-type littermates. These studies demonstrate that mice lacking the AT1A receptor have blood pressures sensitive to changes in dietary sodium, marked alterations of the pressure-natriuresis relationship, and compensatory mechanisms capable of maintaining normal sodium balance across a wide range of sodium intakes.

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