Bacteriocins: antibiotics in the age of the microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Egan ◽  
R. Paul Ross ◽  
Colin Hill
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Antibiotic Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Activity Animal

Antibiotics have revolutionised the treatment of infectious disease and improved the lives of billions of people worldwide over many decades. With the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and corresponding lack of antibiotic development, we find ourselves in dire need of alternative treatments. Bacteriocins are a class of bacterially produced, ribosomally synthesised, antimicrobial peptides that may be narrow or broad in their spectra of activity. Animal models have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of bacteriocins in treating a broad range of infections; however, one of the principal drawbacks has been their relatively narrow spectra when compared with small-molecule antibiotics. In an era where we are beginning to appreciate the role of the microbiota in human and animal health, the fact that bacteriocins cause much less collateral damage to the host microbiome makes them a highly desirable therapeutic. This review makes a case for the implementation of bacteriocins as therapeutic antimicrobials, either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics to alleviate the AMR crisis and to lessen the impact of antibiotics on the host microbiome.

The role of the mussel Mytilus spp. in the transmission of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. O’ Reilly ◽  
C. Laide ◽  
A Maloy ◽  
S. Hutton ◽  
B. Bookelaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas contributes significantly to global aquaculture; however, C. gigas culture has been affected by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and variants. The dynamics of how the virus maintains itself at culture sites is unclear and the role of carriers, reservoirs or hosts is unknown. Both wild and cultured mussels Mytilus spp. (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and hybrids) are commonly found at C. gigas culture sites. The objective of this study was to investigate if Mytilus spp. can harbour the virus and if viral transmission can occur between mussels and oysters. Mytilus spp. living at oyster trestles, 400–500 m higher up the shore from the trestles and up to 26 km at non-culture sites were screened for OsHV-1 and variants by all the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommended diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), histology, in situ hybridization and confirmation using direct sequencing. The particular primers that target OsHV-1 and variants, including OsHV-1 microVar (μVar), were used in the PCR and qPCR. OsHV-1 μVar was detected in wild Mytilus spp. at C. gigas culture sites and more significantly the virus was detected in mussels at non-culture sites. Cohabitation of exposed wild mussels and naïve C. gigas resulted in viral transmission after 14 days, under an elevated temperature regime. These results indicate that mussels can harbour OsHV-1 μVar; however, the impact of OsHV-1 μVar on Mytilus spp. requires further investigation.

scholarly journals The role of infectious disease impact in informing decision-making for animal health management in aquaculture systems in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Garza ◽  
Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan ◽  
Meezanur Rahman ◽  
Barbara Wieland ◽  
Barbara Häsler
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Impact

scholarly journals The Role of Animal Models in Evaluating Reasonable Safety and Efficacy for Human Trials of Cell-Based Interventions for Neurologic Conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Regenberg ◽  
Debra JH Mathews ◽  
David M Blass ◽  
Hilary Bok ◽  
Joseph T Coyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Gathering Data

Progress in regenerative medicine seems likely to produce new treatments for neurologic conditions that use human cells as therapeutic agents; at least one trial for such an intervention is already under way. The development of cell-based interventions for neurologic conditions (CBI-NCs) will likely include preclinical studies using animals as models for humans with conditions of interest. This paper explores predictive validity challenges and the proper role for animal models in developing CBI-NCs. In spite of limitations, animal models are and will remain an essential tool for gathering data in advance of first-in-human clinical trials. The goal of this paper is to provide a realistic lens for viewing the role of animal models in the context of CBI-NCs and to provide recommendations for moving forward through this challenging terrain.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance: from basic science to translational innovation

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-86
Author(s):  
Jun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Animal Production System

AbstractThe rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to animal agriculture and human health. To summarize and update current and emerging AMR issues that are significant for animal health and food safety, this issue presents a virtual AMR symposium consisting of seven review papers. These reviews cover a newly described AMR mechanism in Campylobacter, effects of AMR and microbiome on Campylobacter infection, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in food-producing animals, the impact of point source or antibiotic residues on the environmental resistome, and potential factors influencing horizontal gene transfer in the intestines of food animals. These papers also identify significant knowledge gaps in AMR research and provide new directions for the development of innovative and effective strategies to mitigate AMR in the animal production system.

An Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Based on Systematic Infectious Disease Consultation in a Rehabilitation Facility

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tedeschi ◽  
Filippo Trapani ◽  
Maddalena Giannella ◽  
Francesco Cristini ◽  
Fabio Tumietto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVETo assess the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) on antibiotic consumption, Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study of the periods before (from January 2011 to June 2012) and after (from July 2012 to December 2014) ASP implementation.SETTING150-bed rehabilitation hospital dedicated to patients with spinal-cord injuries.INTERVENTIONBeginning in July 2012, an ASP was implemented based on systematic bedside infectious disease (ID) consultation and structural interventions (ie, revision of protocols for antibiotic prophylaxis and education focused on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions). Antibiotic consumption, occurrence of CDI, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of selected microorganisms were compared between periods before and after the ASP implementation.RESULTSAntibiotic consumption decreased from 42 to 22 defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 patient days (P<.001). The main reductions involved carbapenems (from 13 to 0.4 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.01) and fluoroquinolones (from 11.8 to 0.99 DDD per 100 patient days; P=.006), with no increases in mortality or length of stay. The incidence of CDI decreased from 3.6 to 1.2 cases per 10,000 patient days (P=.001). Between 2011 and 2014, the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains decreased from 55% to 12% in P. aeruginosa (P<.001) and from 96% to 73% in A. baumannii (P=.03). The prevalence of ESBL-producing strains decreased from 42% to 17% in E. coli (P=.0007) and from 62% to 15% in P. mirabilis (P=.0001). In K. pneumoniae, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains decreased from 42% to 17% (P=.005), and the prevalence of in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains decreased from 77% to 40% (P<.0008).CONCLUSIONSAn ASP based on ID consultation was effective in reducing antibiotic consumption without affecting patient outcomes and in improving antimicrobial resistance patterns in a rehabilitation hospital.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;1–7

scholarly journals The Phagocyte Oxidase Controls Tolerance toMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Olive ◽  
Clare M Smith ◽  
Michael C Kiritsy ◽  
Christopher M Sassetti
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Immune Mediator ◽  
Neutrophil Influx ◽  
Phagocyte Oxidase ◽  
Deficient Mice

SummaryProtection from infectious disease relies on two distinct mechanisms. “Antimicrobial resistance” directly inhibits pathogen growth, whereas “infection tolerance” controls tissue damage. A single immune-mediator can differentially contribute to these mechanisms in distinct contexts, confounding our understanding of protection to different pathogens. For example, the NADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase complex (Phox) produces anti-microbial superoxides and protects from tuberculosis in humans. However, Phox-deficient mice do not display the expected defect in resistance toM. tuberculosisleaving the role of this complex unclear. We re-examined the mechanisms by which Phox contributes to protection from TB and found that mice lacking the Cybb subunit of Phox suffered from a specific defect in tolerance, which was due to unregulated Caspase1 activation, IL-1β production, and neutrophil influx into the lung. These studies demonstrate that Phox-derived superoxide protect against TB by promoting tolerance to persistent infection, and highlight a central role for Caspase1 in regulating TB disease progression.

scholarly journals Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part II, Application

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
David F. Léger
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
The Impact

Using the methodology developed for integrated analysis and reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, farm-level surveillance data were synthesized and integrated to assess trends and explore potential AMU and AMR associations. Data from broiler chicken flocks (n = 656), grower–finisher pig herds (n = 462) and turkey flocks (n = 339) surveyed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) at the farm-level (2015–2019) were used. The analyses showed a reduction in mean flock/herd level number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) adjusted for kg animal biomass that coincided with the decline in % resistance in the three species. This was noted in most AMU-AMR pairs studied except for ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter where resistance continued to be detected (moderate to high levels) despite limited fluoroquinolone use. Noteworthy was the significantly negative association between the nDDDvetCA/kg animal biomass and susceptible Escherichia coli (multispecies data), an early indication that AMU stewardship actions are having an impact. However, an increase in the reporting of diseases in recent years was observed. This study highlighted the value of collecting high-resolution AMU surveillance data with animal health context at the farm-level to understand AMR trends, enable data integration and measure the impact of AMU stewardship actions.

THE IMPACT OF MEDIA COVERAGE ON THE DYNAMICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

2008 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
YIPING LIU ◽  
JING-AN CUI
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Endemic Equilibrium ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Globally Asymptotically Stable ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Globally Stable ◽  
Disease Free

In this paper, we give a compartment model to discuss the influence of media coverage to the spreading and controlling of infectious disease in a given region. The model exhibits two equilibria: a disease-free and a unique endemic equilibrium. Stability analysis of the models shows that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if the reproduction number (ℝ0), which depends on parameters, is less than unity. But if ℝ0 > 1, it is shown that a unique endemic equilibrium appears, which is asymptotically stable. On a special case, the endemic equilibrium is globally stable. We discuss the role of media coverage on the spreading based on the theory results.

scholarly journals Twenty-year trends in antimicrobial resistance from aquaculture and fisheries in Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schar ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
D. G. Joakim Larsson ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
China And India ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health. However, in aquatic animals—the fastest growing food animal sector globally—AMR trends are seldom documented, particularly in Asia, which contributes two-thirds of global food fish production. Here, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of 749 point prevalence surveys reporting antibiotic-resistant bacteria from aquatic food animals in Asia, extracted from 343 articles published in 2000–2019. We find concerning levels of resistance to medically important antimicrobials in foodborne pathogens. In aquaculture, the percentage of antimicrobial compounds per survey with resistance exceeding 50% (P50) plateaued at 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28 to 37%] between 2000 and 2018. In fisheries, P50 decreased from 52% [95% CI 39 to 65%] to 22% [95% CI 14 to 30%]. We map AMR at 10-kilometer resolution, finding resistance hotspots along Asia’s major river systems and coastal waters of China and India. Regions benefitting most from future surveillance efforts are eastern China and India. Scaling up surveillance to strengthen epidemiological evidence on AMR and inform aquaculture and fisheries interventions is needed to mitigate the impact of AMR globally.

Importance of Animal Models in Schizophrenia Research

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 550-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Van Den Buuse ◽  
B Garner ◽  
A Gogos ◽  
S Kusljic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
New Information ◽  
Behavioural Phenotyping ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Objective: This review aims to summarize the importance of animal models for research on psychiatric illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Method and Results: Several aspects of animal models are addressed, including animal experimentation ethics and theoretical considerations of different aspects of validity of animal models. A more specific discussion is included on two of the most widely used behavioural models, psychotropic drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition, followed by comments on the difficulty of modelling negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we emphasize the impact of new developments in molecular biology and the generation of genetically modified mice, which have generated the concept of behavioural phenotyping. Conclusions: Complex psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, cannot be exactly reproduced in species such as rats and mice. Nevertheless, by providing new information on the role of neurotransmitter systems and genes in behavioural function, animal ‘models’ can be an important tool in unravelling mechanisms involved in the symptoms and development of such illnesses, alongside approaches such as post-mortem studies, cognitive and psychophysiological studies, imaging and epidemiology.

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