An Experimental Parent-Assisted Treatment Program for Preschool Language-Delayed Children

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. MacDonald ◽  
Judith P. Blott ◽  
Kathleen Gordon ◽  
Bernard Spiegel ◽  
Marianna Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Preschool Language ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
Language Growth ◽  
Successful Replication ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Home Programming

Six preschool children with Down’s syndrome were subjects in an experimental program using parents as the primary language trainers. Three children served as experimental subjects and three as controls. The program applied the Environmental Language Intervention Strategy to effect a generalized functional language in children who primarily were capable of only single-word utterances. The major objective was to increase utterance length and grammatical complexity. The two essential procedures were to train immediate generalization of language changes from imitation to parallel conversation and play activities and to educate parents as language trainers to effect immediate transfer of training. The five-month program ran in two stages, two months with professionals and mothers as language trainers and three months in the home with parents as the sole language trainers. Results from the two-month stage indicated marked increases in utterance length and grammatical complexity in imitation and conversation for all experimental subjects but negligible changes for the controls. Follow-up assessment indicated continued language increments for the experimental subjects over three months of home programming with parents as the sole language trainers. The experimental language growth in the mean length of utterance over three months of home programming for the retarded children was comparable to growth for normally developing children. An epilogue reports successful replication of the program with the original control subjects.

Stuttering Frequency in Relation to Lexical Diversity, Syntactic Complexity, and Utterance Length

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy A. Wagovich ◽  
Nancy E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Time ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Language Growth ◽  
Lexical Content

Children’s frequency of stuttering can be affected by utterance length, syntactic complexity, and lexical content of language. Using a unique small-scale within-subjects design, this study explored whether language samples that contain more stuttering have (a) longer, (b) syntactically more complex, and (c) lexically more diverse utterances than samples that contain less stuttering. Children who stutter, ages 2 years 1 month to 4 years 11 months, produced 10 monthly language samples. For each child, samples were divided into the first five (early) and the last five (later). Utterance length, syntactic complexity, and lexical diversity analyses were performed on samples that contained the most and least stuttering for early and later samples. For the later samples but not the early ones, samples with the most stuttering contained longer mean lengths of utterance, more diverse vocabulary overall, and greater syntactic complexity than samples with the least stuttering. Contributions of language growth, time, and specific linguistic factors are discussed.

scholarly journals Mean length of utterance and the acquisition of Irish

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Predictive Relationship ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTOne of the most widely used indices of language development is a measure of utterance length in morphemes (MLUm). This study examines the applicability of MLUm to the acquisition of Irish. MLUm was calculated for data from Cian, aged 1;11–3;0. Even when an attempt was made to ‘assume the maximum’ by counting all possible morphemes, the correlation between a morpheme MLU (MLUm) and a word count MLU (MLUw) was very high (0·99). This points to MLUw being as effective a measure of Irish development as MLUm, as well as being easier to apply and more reliable. MLUw was calculated for the two younger children in the study (Eibhlís 1;4–2;1 and Eoin 1;10–2;6). An examination of the relationship between the three children's MLUw values and their grammatical complexity as measured on ILARSP (the Irish adaptation of LARSP) indicates that MLUw is a useful preliminary index for early development in Irish. However, further data are necessary to check whether MLUw loses its predictive relationship with grammatical complexity after a certain point. The study emphasizes the caution necessary in applying MLU to languages whose acquisition has not hitherto been studied, and underlines the role of MLU as a preliminary measure, which must not be overinterpreted.

Heat Transfer Modeling of the Capillary Fiber Drawing Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shicheng Xue ◽  
Geoffrey Barton ◽  
Simon Fleming ◽  
Alexander Argyros
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Multiphase Model ◽  
Fiber Drawing ◽  
Microstructured Fibers ◽  
Two Stages

Considerable recent research has focused on the ability of microstructured fibers to exhibit diverse optical functionalities. However, accurately preserving the structure imposed at the preform stage after drawing it down to fiber, while avoiding Rayleigh–Plateau style instabilities, has proven to be a major fabrication challenge. This modeling/analytical study was carried out in support of an experimental program into possible fabrication options for various microstructured optical fibers and considers the generic case of the nonisothermal drawing of a capillary preform to fiber. Model development was carried out in two stages. Initially, a fully conjugate multiphase model, which includes all heat transfer modes within an operational fiber drawing furnace, was validated against available experimental data. To evaluate the external radiative heat flux using the net-radiation method, a Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MC-RT) method was coupled to the commercial polyflow package to obtain all view factors between the various furnace walls and the deforming preform/fiber. A simplified model was also developed (to shorten simulation run times) by explicitly calculating the convective heat transfer between the air within the furnace and the preform/fiber surface using a heat transfer coefficient determined by matching predicted results with those obtained from the multiphase model.

Thickness Distribution in Conical Parts Formed by Hydroforming and Conventional Multistage Deep Drawing Processes

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 2884-2887
Author(s):  
Abdolhamid Gorji ◽  
Amir Reza Yaghoubi ◽  
Mohammad Bakhshi-Jooybari ◽  
Salman Norouzi
Keyword(s):  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Blank Holder ◽  
Sheet Surface ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Explosive Forming

Forming conical parts is one of the difficult fields in sheet metal forming processes. Because of low contact area of the sheet with the punch in the initial stages of forming, too much tension applied to the sheet that it causes bursting. Furthermore, since the major part of the sheet surface between the blank holder and punch tip is free, wrinkles appears on the wall of the drawn parts. These parts are normally formed in industry by processes such as spinning, explosive forming or multistage deep drawing. Hydroforming deep drawing is one of the special deep drawing processes which have been introduced in order to overcome some inherent problems in the conventional deep drawing with rigid tools. In the present work, an experimental program has been carried out to form and compare the forming pure copper conical-cylindrical cups by hydroforming and conventional multistage deep drawing processes. The conical parts in conventional deep drawing process formed in two stages. The results of the study demonstrate that thickness distribution are more uniform in the parts formed by hydroforming compared to conventional multi stages deep drawing processes.

Mothers' speech to children and syntactic development: some simple relationships

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Furrow ◽  
Katherine Nelson ◽  
Helen Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Syntactic Development ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Language Growth

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the relationships between children's linguistic environments and their language acquisition. Speech samples taken from seven firstborn children and their mothers when the children were 1; 6 and 2; 3 were analysed within a number of semantic and syntactic categories to determine correlations between mothers' speech and subsequent language development. Several characteristics of mothers' speech (e.g. utterance length, use of pronouns) significantly predicted later child speech. The significant correlations suggested that mothers' choice of simple constructions facilitated language growth. Further, they showed that the motherese code differed from adult-adult speech in ways which aided language development. Differences between our study and previous investigations of environmental effects on language development probably resulted from the failure of earlier investigations to take into account children's level of language competence at the time when environmental effects were assessed.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

The 1-MeV Electron Microscope Installation at the University of Colorado

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 8-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mircea Fotino
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The University ◽  
Research Resources

A new 1-MeV transmission electron microscope (Model JEM-1000) was installed at the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology of the University of Colorado in Boulder during the summer and fall of 1972 under the sponsorship of the Division of Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health. The installation was completed in October, 1972. It is installed primarily for the study of biological materials without many of the limitations hitherto unavoidable in standard transmission electron microscopy. Only the technical characteristics of the installation are briefly reviewed here. A more detailed discussion of the experimental program under way is being published elsewhere.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

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