Distinctive Features in Speech Pathology: Phonology or Phonemics?

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Parker
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Signal ◽  
Speech Pathology ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Generative Theory ◽  
Speech Science ◽  
The One

Distinctive feature is not a unique concept within linguistic theory. It has two distinct theoretical bases: phonemic theory and generative theory. Phonemic theory assumes a direct correspondence between distinctive features (the elements of phonemes) and the speech signal. Although this assumption can be shown to be incorrect, it seems to be the one most widely held in speech science. Generative theory, on the other hand, assumes no such direct relation and consequently can account for certain linguistic phenomena that phonemic theory cannot. This theory then seems to be preferable to phonemic theory for a featural analysis of misarticulation. However, there is a problem. Chomsky and Halle’s system (generative theory) as it stands does not deal with the link between what it conceives to be the lowest level of linguistic structure (the phonetic matrix) and speech production. Therefore, Chomsky and Halle’s distinctive features cannot be applied fruitfully to all instances of misarticulation. The discrepancy that exists between phonological structure and the speech signal must be accounted for in a theory of speech production. This can be accomplished by recognizing a production matrix below the phonetic matrix, where segments are described in terms of production features. The crucial point is that no one-to-one relationship necessarily exists between distinctive features and production features.

“I Can See What You’re Saying”: Clinical Utility of Spectral Moment Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Kerry Callahan Mandulak
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Signal ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Moment Analysis ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Spectral Moment ◽  
Clinical Measure ◽  
Perceptual Analysis ◽  
Disordered Speech

Spectral moment analysis (SMA) is an acoustic analysis tool that shows promise for enhancing our understanding of normal and disordered speech production. It can augment auditory-perceptual analysis used to investigate differences across speakers and groups and can provide unique information regarding specific aspects of the speech signal. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the utility of SMA as a clinical measure for both clinical speech production assessment and research applications documenting speech outcome measurements. Although acoustic analysis has become more readily available and accessible, clinicians need training with, and exposure to, acoustic analysis methods in order to integrate them into traditional methods used to assess speech production.

TINDAK PENGANCAMAN DAN PENYELAMATAN WAJAH ANIES BASWEDAN DAN BASUKI “AHOK” TJAHAJA PURNAMA

Jurnal KATA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Saiko Rudi Kasenda
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
The One

<p><em>This article is aimed to investigate face threathening acts and face saving acts demonstrated by Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama as the candidates of DKI Jakarta governor during the debate held in April 2017. Face threatening act and face saving act are analyzed because they are able to show not only their positive image but also the negatve one in front of not only to each candidate but also to the audience watching the debate. Politeness theory from Brown and Levinson (1987.) are employed to analyze both candidates’ face threatening acts and saving acts since this theory provides detailed descriptions of a large range of strategies that can be used to deeply understand both face threatening acts and face saving act performed by the candidates. The context surrounding the debate becomes a crucial point to analyze how politeness strategy is applied to show face thratening act and face saving act. Through qualitative method, this study found that 1) Bald on-record is the strategy used by the candidates to show face threatening and they are intended to show contradictions, to disagree, to insult, to interrupt, to speak out-of-topic, to challenge, and to exaggerate. 2) Both candidates use positive and negative strategies to show face saving act intended to show contradictions, to assert common ground, to show agreement, to joke, to apologize, and to avoid disagreement. 3) The face threatening act and saving acts can be considered as the efforts to defend their argumentations and to preserve their positive faces, 4.) The use of the word “kita” and passive voice can be seen as markers in both candidates’ utterances to minimize the imposed face threatening act and to signal solidarity to each candidate and to audience, 5) While Anies is revealed to be the one who more frequently uses face threatening act, Basuki is the candidate who uses face saving act more often during the debate. The study is expected to enrich the study in the field of pragmatics focusing on the use of politeness strategy. </em></p><p> </p><p>Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi tindak pengancaman muka wajah dan tindak penyelamatan wajah yang ditunjukkan oleh Anies Baswedan dan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama pada Debat Pilkada gubernur provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017.<strong> </strong>Tindak pengancaman wajah dan penyelamatan wajah diteliti pada makalah ini karena dapat merepresentasikan citra positif maupun citra negatif kandidat pilkada Gubernur DKI tidak hanya dihadapan masing-masing kandidat tetapi juga kepada masyarakat umum yang menyaksikan. Teori kesantunan dari Brown dan Levinson digunakan untuk menganalisis tindak pengancaman muka dan tindak penyelamatan muka kedua kandidat karena teori ini memiliki penjelasan yang komprehensif tentang berbagai strategi yang dapat dipergunakan untuk memahami secara mendalam bagaimana tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah ditunjukkan oleh kedua kandidiat. Konteks topik debat yang diangkat dipahami untuk dapat menganalisis tindak pengancaman dan penyelamatan wajah oleh Anies dan Basuki.  Melalui metode kualitatif, studi ini menemukan bahwa 1) Bald on-record adalah strategi yang sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindak pengancaman muka dan ditujukan untuk menyatakan kontradiksi, menyatakan ketidaksetujuan, menyinggung, menginterupsi, berbicara di luar topik pembicaraan, menantang kandidat lain, dan memberikan pernyataan yang berlebihan. 2) Tindak penyelamatan muka dilakukan dengan strategi kesantunan positif dan negatif seperti menyatakan kontradiksi, menegaskan common ground, memberikan persetujuan, membuat lelucon, meminta maaf, dan menghindari ketidaksetujuan. 3) Tindak pengancaman muka dan penyelamatan muka dapat dianggap sebagai cara untuk mempertahankan argumentasi kedua kandidat dan untuk melindungi wajah positif masing-masing.4) Penggunaan kata “kita” dan kalimat pasif dimaksudkan untuk meminmalisiri ancaman sekaligus sebagai sinya solidaritas.5) Anies ditunjukkan sebagai kandidat yang lebih sering menggunakan tindak pengancaman muka, sedangkan Basuki adalah kandidat yang lebih sering menunjukkan penyelamatan muka selama debat berlangsung. Studi ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya pemahaman di bidang pragmatik khususnya tentang penggunaan strategi kesantunan</p>

scholarly journals Graffiti Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christen Cornell
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Vanishing Point ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
The One

I find it difficult to identify the first moments of my encounter with China, the crucial point at which I made, succumbed or arbitrarily happened upon the decision to study this culture and its official, national language of Mandarin. That moment a product of the last, delivered from the one preceding. I can’t get a hold of the one loose end with which this story commenced, the original beginning from which this particular hybridity was formed. There must have been a day when I ticked a box to enrol to study Chinese, a day that I finally decided against other options, but unable now to identify this moment, I can’t help querying just how significant it could have been. My memories of China the idea, or story, extend to the vanishing point of earliest childhood, through celestial stereotypes in storybooks, through the smell of incense in Chinatown, through stories of ‘The Orient ... almost a European invention’, culminating in a myriad of stimuli.

Transfer versus coexistent systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSEMARIE TRACY
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Generative Theory ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The One

Compared with the wealth of investigations on monolingual language acquisition, research on early bilingualism still has some catching up to do. Papers such as the one by Natascha Müller show us what may be gained if results from both areas are integrated within one theoretical framework, in this case current generative theory.

Descent and Inheritance in Zoroastrian and Shiʿite Law: A Preliminary Study

Der Islam ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Macuch
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Sasanian Empire ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The One ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
Traditional Norms

Abstract:The Twelver Shiʿite law of inheritance constitutes one of the most distinctive features of the legal system in comparison with Sunni law. Although there are major and even irreconcilable divergences between the Sunnite law of succession according to all four legal schools on the one hand and Twelver Shiʿite law on the other, no convincing explanations for this striking development within Islamic law itself, leading to two fundamentally distinct systems, have hitherto been put forward. The aim of this preliminary study is to call attention to several remarkable correspondences between the complex Iranian (Zoroastrian) law of succession, conceived to support the specific needs of aristocratic descent groups in the Sasanian period, and Twelver Shiʿite regulations, reflecting a very similar underlying concept of family ties and descent groups as a whole. The question is, whether these congruencies are purely coincidental or based on age-old social and traditional norms, which continued to be practised in the regions of the former Sasanian empire after the Islamic conquest. As Sasanian norms remained operative in customary law (now documented by Pahlavi legal documents from 8th century Tabarestān) during the formative period of Islamic law and the Sunnite regulations, being based to a large extent on pre-Islamic tribal law in Arabia, contrast sharply with the Shiʿite concept, it would be consistent to assume that certain precepts in the pre-Islamic Iranian system had an important impact on the development of the Twelver Shiʿite law of inheritance.

Formants and Institutions: Intellectual Meeting Points between Rodolfo Sacco and Douglass North

Global Jurist ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Biglino
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Legal Change ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
The One ◽  
Douglass North

In the present paper, I attempt to unearth what I believe to be an extremely valuable, implicit dialogue between legal and economic discourse through an analysis of the contributions by two leading figures in the fields of comparative law and institutional economics, respectively: Rodolfo Sacco and Douglass North. By closely comparing two apparently far removed intellectual trajectories, I will sketch the manner in which the two scholars come to terms with the concept of change in their respective disciplines. How is legal change, on the one hand, and economic change, on the other hand, explained? I will examine how North addresses the question “why do economies perform differently through space and time?” and review Sacco’s inquires upon convergence and divergence in legal systems with different institutional premises. Once the distinctive features of the two theses have been outlined against the backdrop of the latter questions, I will identify intellectual meeting points, common threads, and parallel tracks drawing the scholars together. In the spirit of methodological pluralism, I will conclude by suggesting that a combined reading of the theses under scrutiny may provide a practical template for thinking about questions of legal change, legal transplants, and the diffusion of legal consciousness.

More on slips and syllable structure

Phonology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Slips Of The Tongue

Shattuck-Hufnagel (1986) (henceforth S-H), in discussing the significance of ‘slips of the tongue’ for a model of processing, is particularly concerned with attempting to establish to what extent some of the constructs posited by phonologists in their characterisations of phonological structure can be shown to have a role in the planning of speech production. On the basis of the ‘MIT corpus’ of errors (collected by Merrill Garrett and herself), particularly those involving vowels, she argues for a role in planning for aspects of syllable structure, placement of lexical stress, and distinctions and dimensions such as those commonly captured by feature notations. My concern here is with some further aspects of syllable structure: I shall suggest that her data provide support for even more detailed structural properties than are proposed by S-H herself; indeed, that one uncertainty in assessing the significance of the data can be resolved by an independently motivated analysis of subsyllabic structure. I shall not repeat here the details of the classification of errors on which S-H's discussion is based (1986: §1); what is significant in the present context is that errors of various types provide a motivation for particular subsyllabic units.

scholarly journals Translation Discourse 4.0: Variety of Formats, Genres and Trends

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Elina Novikova ◽  
◽  
Anna Naumova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
The One ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The Russian Language

The article considers the specific character of modern translation discourse, trends and opportunities of realization in the era of changes and global challenges. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to establish common and distinctive forms of expression and formats of translation discourse. The representative sources of three communicatively active discursive practices constitute the empirical base of the paper: scientific / translation studies translation discourse; professional / industry translation discourse; didactic translation discourse. The textual material of the discourse under consideration is analyzed in order to identify thematic dominants of three subtypes under consideration. The similarities and differences of the topics discussed by the translation community within the framework of the selected discursive practices are determined. Sources of translation discourse in Russian and German linguistic cultures were also involved in the analysis to identify common and distinctive features. The analysis revealed the tendency of the Russian-language translation discourse to be a more profound scientific search and substantiation of translation problems, and, on the contrary, the tendency of the German- and English-language discourses to discuss applied issues. The analyzed subtypes of translation discourse reveal certain unifying features: current challenges reaction rapidity, new phenomena and trends in society. However, these subtypes have translation tools of their own, traditions and formats that shape thematic dominants of each direction of the discourse. Thus, the paper revealed the dynamic nature of the discourse, on the one hand, and its sustainable development, on the other.

scholarly journals Lifetime and optical analyses of LED lamps

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Roberto Santos ◽  
Hélio Akira Furuya ◽  
Elvo Calixto Burini Junior
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optical Characteristics ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Initial Moment ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
The One

In this study, optical and lifetime analyses of commercial light-emitting diode (LED) lamps were carried out with the objective to better understand these characteristics. Lamps of different manufacturers and powers were used: Ourolux of 9 watts, Kian of 9 watts, Black+Decker of 9 watts, FLC of 8 watts, Galaxy of 7 watts and Brilia of 7 watts. These LED lamps remained on by 24 hours/day for 4,291.16 hours. Illuminance measurements were analyzed once a week by each lamp inside the integrating sphere with a sensor of lux meter coupled. Results showed decrease of illuminance by elapsed time, due to the degradation. Results of the illuminance obtained between the initial moment of the experiment and the final one were calculated, revealing degradation of 19% to Ourolux, 20% to FLC, 26% to Black+Decker, 28% to Kian, 29% to Galaxy and 33% to Brilia. This study suggests that the diffusers can have different transmittance values interfering on the illuminance, since the FLC LED lamp presented illuminance with highest values than the other LED lamps tested with similar electrical and optical characteristics. This experiment showed that the nominal power of the LED lamp has no direct relation to the illuminance and, comparing the lifetime, the LED lamp manufactured by Black+Decker was the only one to reach 5,521 hours, that is a lifetime much shorter than the one described at the packages (25,000 hours) for all LED lamps tested

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