Analysis of Edit Operations for Post-editing Systems

Post-editing has become an important part not only of translation research but also in the global translation industry. While computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memories, are considered to be part of a translator's work, lately, machine translation (MT) systems have also been accepted by human translators. However, many human translators are still adopting the changes brought by translation technologies to the translation industry. This paper introduces a novel approach for seeking suitable pairs of n-grams when recommending n-grams (corresponding n-grams between MT and post-edited MT) based on the type of text (manual or administrative) and MT system used for machine translation. A tool that recommends and speeds up the correction of MT was developed to help the post-editors with their work. It is based on the analysis of words with the same lemmas and analysis of n-gram recommendations. These recommendations are extracted from sequence patterns of the mismatched words (MisMatch) between MT output and post-edited MT output. The paper aims to show the usage of morphological analysis for recommending the post-edit operations. It describes the usage of mismatched words in the n-gram recommendations for the post-edited MT output. The contribution consists of the methodology for seeking suitable pairs of words, n-grams and additionally the importance of taking into account metadata (the type of the text and/or style and MT system) when recommending post-edited operations.

Supporting Risk-Aware Use of Online Translation Tools in Delivering Mental Healthcare Services among Spanish-Speaking Populations

Neural machine translation technologies are having increasing applications in clinical and healthcare settings. In multicultural countries, automatic translation tools provide critical support to medical and health professionals in their interaction and exchange of health messages with migrant patients with limited or non-English proficiency. While research has mainly explored the usability and limitations of state-of-the-art machine translation tools in the detection and diagnosis of physical diseases and conditions, there is a persistent lack of evidence-based studies on the applicability of machine translation tools in the delivery of mental healthcare services for vulnerable populations. Our study developed Bayesian machine learning algorithms using relevance vector machine to support frontline health workers and medical professionals to make better informed decisions between risks and convenience of using online translation tools when delivering mental healthcare services to Spanish-speaking minority populations living in English-speaking countries. Major strengths of the machine learning classifier that we developed include scalability, interpretability, and adaptability of the classifier for diverse mental healthcare settings. In this paper, we report on the process of the Bayesian machine learning classifier development through automatic feature optimisation and the interpretation of the classifier-enabled assessment of the suitability of original English mental health information for automatic online translation. We elaborate on the interpretation of the assessment results in clinical settings using statistical tools such as positive likelihood ratios and negative likelihood ratios.

The role of Computer-Assisted Translation in the field of software localization

This article analyses the effectiveness of computer-assisted translation (CAT) in the field of software localization. In order to measure and assessthe advantages of using translation tools, a program is localized using Passolo, a specialized software localization application. The study is intendedto calibrate how CAT can improve translators’ performance in a localization project and also to appraise the main features of the selectedapplication, focusing on functionality, usability and reliability. The article outlines some of the challenges and difficulties of software localization,aiming to test how the process of adapting a product to a particular locale can be optimized by the use of computer assisted translation. The casestudy focuses on the main challenges of the process from the point of view of translation. To conclude, the study formulates a number of conclusionsand evaluates the performance of the selected application.

Comparison of Translation Techniques by Google Translate and U-Dictionary: How Differently Does Both Machine Translation Tools Perform in Translating?

Better translation produced by computation linguistics should be evaluated through linguistics theory. This research aims to describe translation techniques between Google Translate and U-Dictionary. The study used a qualitative research method with a descriptive design. This design was used to describe the occurrences of translation techniques in both translation machine, with the researchers serving as an instrument to compare translation techniques which is produced on machine. The data are from expository text entitled “Importance of Good Manners in Every Day Life”. The total data are 122 words/phrases which are pairs of translations, English as source language and Indonesia as target language. The result shows that Google Translate apply five of Molina & Albir’s (2002) eighteen translation techniques, while U-dictionary apply seven techniques. Google Translate dominantly apply literal translation techniques (86,8%) followed by reduction translation techniques (4,9%). U-dictionary also dominantly apply literal translation techniques (75,4%), but follows with the variation translation techniques (13,1%). This study showed that both machines produced different target texts for the same source language due to different applications of techniques, with U-dictionary proven to apply more variety of translation techniques than Google Translate. The researcher hopes this study can be used as an evaluation for improving the performance of machine translations.

Title: Web-based Knowledge Translation Tools for Parents about Childhood Heart Failure: An Environmental Scan (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Childhood heart failure is a factor in many hospital admissions each year. It can impose a steep learning curve for parents who need to learn the key information to care for their child at home. In this study, we conducted an environmental scan to identify and assess web-based knowledge translation tools about childhood heart failure for parent audiences developed within North America. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to inventory tool publicly available to parents about childhood heart failure from popular web-based venues, and assess each how each tool communicates health information and explore how they were developed. METHODS Modelled after previously published environmental scan methods, our search strategy included searching two popular internet-based venues including: 1) two App stores (Google PlayTM and Apple AppTM) and 2) GoogleTM search. Common search terms were used and results were uploaded to Microsoft Excel for screening amongst two reviewers. Inclusion criteria included: 1) content primarily focused on educating parents about their child’s heart failure, 2) English language, and 3) tools originated within North American. Two reviewers screened the application (app) store and internet search results for relevant tools. Each tool was assessed using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM), a validated tool that objectively assesses the literacy of health information for a particular audience. Key informants who were involved in the tool development were invited for a qualitative interview using semi structured interview guide to provide more adjunct data about the development process. Frequencies were reported to summarize App and Internet screening and SAM rating results. Key themes were identified in the semi-structured interview process. RESULTS No applications exist for parents relating to pediatric heart failure. Seventeen relevant internet tools were identified, and their suitability was assessed for the parent audience. The tools scored well in the layout and type but lower in the readability and graphics scores. Qualitative interviews with key informants revealed three key themes: 1) timely & introductory knowledge, 2) credible & trustworthy knowledge, and 3) challenges & evolution in knowledge. CONCLUSIONS This is the first environmental scan looking for parent tool relating to childhood heart failure. Findings from this study reveal that no tools scored in the superior range using the Suitability of Materials Assessment and that further work in the area of knowledge translation targeting parents needs to be done to provide effective education for this parent population. These findings will inform the development of a new resource on children’s heart failure. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

A Review of Machine Translation Tools: The Translation’s Ability

The objective of the research is to review the ability of online machine translator tools includes Google Translate (GT), Collin Translator (CT), Bing Translator (BT), Yandex Translator (YT), Systran Translate (ST), and IBM Translator (IT). This research applies descriptive qualitative. The documentation was used in this study. The result of the analysis shows that the translation results are different, both from the style of language and the choice of words used by each machine translation tool. Thus, directly or indirectly, whether consciously or not, each translation machine carries its characteristics. Machine translation technology cannot be separated from the active role of humans. In other words, it will always be the best choice for users to rely on expert translation rather than machine translation. But no machine translator can be as accurate as human skills in producing translation products. In particular, the field of translation is also concerned with machine translation to support the performance of translators in analyzing the diction used as an element of language. In this regard, it needs to be underlined that the existence of machine translation is an additional facility in the world of translation, not as the main means of translation because the sophistication of the machine will not be able to match the flexibility of the human brain's cognitive abilities in adjusting the translation results according to the existing context. Accurate translation is sometimes subjective, relatively often temporal. Therefore, it is permissible for translating by more than one machine translator

Translation Discourse 4.0: Variety of Formats, Genres and Trends

The article considers the specific character of modern translation discourse, trends and opportunities of realization in the era of changes and global challenges. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to establish common and distinctive forms of expression and formats of translation discourse. The representative sources of three communicatively active discursive practices constitute the empirical base of the paper: scientific / translation studies translation discourse; professional / industry translation discourse; didactic translation discourse. The textual material of the discourse under consideration is analyzed in order to identify thematic dominants of three subtypes under consideration. The similarities and differences of the topics discussed by the translation community within the framework of the selected discursive practices are determined. Sources of translation discourse in Russian and German linguistic cultures were also involved in the analysis to identify common and distinctive features. The analysis revealed the tendency of the Russian-language translation discourse to be a more profound scientific search and substantiation of translation problems, and, on the contrary, the tendency of the German- and English-language discourses to discuss applied issues. The analyzed subtypes of translation discourse reveal certain unifying features: current challenges reaction rapidity, new phenomena and trends in society. However, these subtypes have translation tools of their own, traditions and formats that shape thematic dominants of each direction of the discourse. Thus, the paper revealed the dynamic nature of the discourse, on the one hand, and its sustainable development, on the other.

Impact of computer-assisted translation tools by novice translators on the quality of written translations

The main specificity of the modern translation market is the translation of large volumes of technical texts and business documents in the shortest time possible. The purpose of the study is to conduct an experiment on the impact of machine translation systems (in terms of using term bases) on the efficiency of future translators. The study provides a literature review on the problem under study and presents the advantages of computer-assisted translation tools in translation practice. Based on the experimental study, the analysis of the influence of computer-assisted translation tools on the quality of written translations of student translators was carried out.

Comparative Evaluation of Translation Memory (TM) and Machine Translation (MT) Systems in Translation between Arabic and English

In general, advances in translation technology tools have enhanced translation quality significantly. Unfortunately, however, it seems that this is not the case for all language pairs. A concern arises when the users of translation tools want to work between different language families such as Arabic and English. The main problems facing Arabic<>English translation tools lie in Arabic’s characteristic free word order, richness of word inflection – including orthographic ambiguity – and optionality of diacritics, in addition to a lack of data resources. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of translation memory (TM) and machine translation (MT) systems in translating between Arabic and English.The research evaluates the two systems based on specific criteria relating to needs and expected results. The first part of the thesis evaluates the performance of a set of well-known TM systems when retrieving a segment of text that includes an Arabic linguistic feature. As it is widely known that TM matching metrics are based solely on the use of edit distance string measurements, it was expected that the aforementioned issues would lead to a low match percentage. The second part of the thesis evaluates multiple MT systems that use the mainstream neural machine translation (NMT) approach to translation quality. Due to a lack of training data resources and its rich morphology, it was anticipated that Arabic features would reduce the translation quality of this corpus-based approach. The systems’ output was evaluated using both automatic evaluation metrics including BLEU and hLEPOR, and TAUS human quality ranking criteria for adequacy and fluency.The study employed a black-box testing methodology to experimentally examine the TM systems through a test suite instrument and also to translate Arabic English sentences to collect the MT systems’ output. A translation threshold was used to evaluate the fuzzy matches of TM systems, while an online survey was used to collect participants’ responses to the quality of MT system’s output. The experiments’ input of both systems was extracted from Arabic<>English corpora, which was examined by means of quantitative data analysis. The results show that, when retrieving translations, the current TM matching metrics are unable to recognise Arabic features and score them appropriately. In terms of automatic translation, MT produced good results for adequacy, especially when translating from Arabic to English, but the systems’ output appeared to need post-editing for fluency. Moreover, when retrievingfrom Arabic, it was found that short sentences were handled much better by MT than by TM. The findings may be given as recommendations to software developers.

Preliminary design of an Initial Test of Integrated Skills within TRADILEX: an ongoing project on the validity of audiovisual translation tools in teaching English

This article shows the preliminary design process for a tailor-made Initial Test of Integrated Skills (ITIS) specially adapted to the needs of TRADILEX, a project (2020-2023) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities to study the scope and validity of using audiovisual translation (AVT) tools to develop communicative competence in a foreign language. We also design a complete virtual AVT-based teaching platform that will help to promote faster and better EFL learning. In this paper we present one of the project’s initial stages, i.e. the ITIS design and the methodological framework for the design process from draft stage to final product. The draft pilot ITIS was tested by specialists, who produced a series of reports and anticipated several potential problems that occurred when the test was carried out. We pay special attention to the changes and improvements made to the draft ITIS as well as its three-stage process and remedial measures. The validity of the ITIS is currently being tested with a pilot group. The ITIS will be complemented with a Final Test of Integrated Skills (FITIS), which is currently underway.