Effects of Training on the Visual Recognition of Consonants

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Walden ◽  
Robert A. Prosek ◽  
Allen A. Montgomery ◽  
Charlene K. Scherr ◽  
Carla J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Clustering Technique ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Consonant Recognition ◽  
Before And After

Visual recognition of consonants was studied in 31 hearing-impaired adults before and after 14 hours of concentrated, individualized, speechreading training. Confusions were analyzed via a hierarchical clustering technique to derive categories of visual contrast among the consonants. Pretraining and posttraining results were compared to reveal the effects of the training program. Training caused an increase in the number of visemes consistently recognized and an increase in the percentage of within-viseme responses. Analysis of the responses made revealed that most changes in consonant recognition occurred during the first few hours of training.

Predicting Audiovisual Consonant Recognition Performance of Hearing-Impaired Adults

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Walden ◽  
Robert A. Prosek ◽  
Don W. Worthington
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Consonant Recognition ◽  
Recognition Ability

The redundancy between the auditory and visual recognition of consonants was studied in 100 hearing-impaired subjects who demonstrated a wide range of speech-discrimination abilities. Twenty English consonants, recorded in CV combination with the vowel /a/, were presented to the subjects for auditory, visual, and audiovisual identification. There was relatively little variation among subjects in the visual recognition of consonants. A measure of the expected degree of redundancy between an observer’s auditory and visual confusions among consonants was used in an effort to predict audiovisual consonant recognition ability. This redundancy measure was based on an information analysis of an observer’s auditory confusions among consonants and expressed the degree to which his auditory confusions fell within categories of visually homophenous consonants. The measure was found to have moderate predictive value in estimating an observer’s audiovisual consonant recognition score. These results suggest that the degree of redundancy between an observer’s auditory and visual confusions of speech elements is a determinant in the benefit that visual cues offer to that observer.

Consonant Errors and Remediation in Sensorineural Hearing Loss

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer Owens
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Programmed Instruction ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Auditory Recognition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Consonant Recognition

An analysis of consonant errors for hearing-impaired subjects in a multiple-choice format revealed that about 14 consonants caused most of the difficulty in consonant recognition. For a given consonant, error probability was typically lower in the initial position of the stimulus word than in the final position. When errors were made, the substitutions were limited typically to two or three other consonants, with a greater variety occurring for consonants in the final position. Substitutions tended to be the same over a wide range of pure-tone configurations. Place errors were predominant, but manner errors also occurred. In only a few instances did specific relationships occur between particular stimulus consonants and pure-tone configurations. With knowledge of the error consonants and typical substitutions, auditory recognition of consonants can be improved by programmed instruction methods. Shaping can be accomplished by a manipulation of the response foils (choices). Since it has been shown that visual recognition of consonants can also be improved, advantage can be taken of both the visual and auditory modalities in remedial procedures. Frequency of usage in the language should be considered in the ordering of consonants for retraining purposes. Work in consonant recognition should be beneficial to the hearing-impaired patient as part of a total rehabilitation program.

Evaluation of a New Field Epidemiology Training Program Intermediate Course to Strengthen Public Health Workforce Capacity in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492097466
Author(s):  
Kate Wilson ◽  
Amir Juya ◽  
Ahmed Abade ◽  
Senga Sembuche ◽  
Devotha Leonard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Exit Interviews ◽  
Field Epidemiology ◽  
Health Threats ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Workforce Capacity ◽  
Field Epidemiology Training Program

Objectives Sub-Saharan Africa faces a shortage of skilled epidemiologists to prevent, detect, and respond to health threats. Tanzania has implemented one of the first Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) Intermediate courses in Africa. This course aims to strengthen health workforce capacity in surveillance system assessment, outbreak investigation, and evaluation, prioritizing HIV control. We conducted an outcome evaluation of this new course. Methods We used a pre/post evaluation design using data from 4 cohorts of trainees who took the FETP Intermediate course from 2017 to 2020. We conducted knowledge assessments before and after each cohort and combined those results. Outcomes included knowledge and self-rated competency and trends in integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) data. We collected data through tests, field assignments, exit interviews, and data audits. We compared the mean change in pre-/posttest scores using linear regression and 95% CIs. We used content analysis to summarize exit interviews. Results Fifty-three FETP trainees from 10 regions enrolled in the FETP Intermediate course, and 52 (99.0%) completed the course. We found substantial increases in mean knowledge (44.0 to 68.0 points) and self-rated competency (4.14 to 4.43) scores before and after the course. Trainees evaluated 52 surveillance systems and 52 district HIV care programs, and 39 (75.0%) trainees participated in outbreak investigations. From before to after cohort 1, timeliness and completeness of IDSR reports increased from 4.2% to 52.1% and from 27.4% to 76.5%, respectively. Course strengths were quality of instruction, individualized mentoring, and practical skills gained. Challenges were mentor availability, limited time for data analysis practice, and balancing work and field assignments. Conclusions The Tanzania FETP Intermediate course substantially improved trainee knowledge and helped to improve local data quality and reporting. This course is a promising model to strengthen subnational capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats in Africa.

scholarly journals Closing the knowledge gap in pelvic neuroanatomy: assessment of a cadaveric training program

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Marcu ◽  
Adrian Balica ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gavard ◽  
Eugen C. Campian ◽  
Gustavo Leme Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Educational Facility ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Dissection Method

Abstract Background The objective of this study is to characterize participants in a laparoscopic cadaveric neuroanatomy course and assess knowledge of pelvic neuroanatomy before and after this course. Methods This is a survey-based cohort study with a setting in a university educational facility. The participants are surgeons in a multiday laparoscopic cadaveric pelvic neuroanatomy course. Participants completed a precourse survey, including demographics and comfort with laparoscopic surgery. They then completed an identical precourse and postcourse anatomic knowledge test. Main outcomes are scores on the anatomic knowledge test precourse and postcourse. Results 44 respondents were included: 25 completed fellowship, 15 completed residency, 2 were residents, and 2 were fellows. Participants were on average 11.09 years post training, with an average of 8.67 years from training if they completed fellowship and 18.62 years if they completed residency only. 22 of 42 respondents strongly agreed or agreed they are comfortable performing complex laparoscopic hysterectomies. The average precourse score was 32.18/50 points and the mean difference score (MDS, defined as mean of Postcourse scores minus Precourse scores) was 9.80, showing significant improvement (p <  0.001). Precourse and MDS scores were not significantly different when comparing country of practice, level of training, or time since training. Conclusion Baseline knowledge of pelvic neuroanatomy was similar among groups when comparing fellowship status, place of training, or time since training. There was significant improvement in knowledge after training in this dissection method. This course garnered interest from surgeons with broad training backgrounds.

Exercise Training and the Speed of Self-Selected Walking Pace in Men at Retirement

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Cunningham ◽  
P. A. Rechnitzer ◽  
A. P. Donner
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Intervention Trial ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Endurance ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACTAn intervention trial with regular physical activity was carried out to test the hypothesis that walking speed is related to the level of cardiovascular fitness (maximal oxygen uptake). Earlier research has demonstrated that when VO2 max is held constant in a multiple regression analysis the association between walking speed and age (29–65 y) is eliminated. To describe the association between self-selected speeds of walking, and level of cardiovascular fitness, 63 men age 60 to 65 were studied before and after a 1 year program of exercise training. VO2 max was determined on a motor driven treadmill. A test of self-selected walking pace was administered over a 240 m indoor course. The men were asked to walk at 3 paces considered by the subjects to be rather slow, normal, and fast, respectively. They were randomly assigned with stratification for white and blue collar occupation to a program of exercise training (n = 33) or control (n = 27). The training program consisted of walking or jogging for 30 min three times per week for one year. After the training program the exercise group increased their VO2 max (9.5%) and their normal walking speed (1.29 to 1.43 m.s−1) significantly compared to the controls. A program of exercise endurance training will result in an increase in the speed of self-selected pace.

Knowledge and Skills of Lay Participants Training with Basic Life Support Program in Case of Cardiac Arrest

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. S44-S48
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Lay People ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is an important cause that leads to hospital admission and death. Improving lay people’s knowledge and skills in basic life support (BLS) may lead to reduced death associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. “BLS NU KKU” is a BLS training program developed from up-to-date literature as a smartphone application used to train lay people in the community. Objective: To evaluate BLS-related knowledge and skills of participants before and after BLS training. Materials and Methods: A one group pretest-posttest design was used to implement the present study in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Participants were 350 individuals age 18 and older. An 8-hour BLS training session was offered to 10 groups of 35 participants over the period of 10 months between November 2018 and August 2019. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess BLS knowledge and Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills. Results: The mean score for BLS-related knowledge significantly increased after the BLS training (mean = 15.05, SD = 2.51) compared to the scores before the training (mean = 10.47, SD = 3.43) (p<0.05). BLS skills improved from 0% to 100% (p<0.001) will all skills rated with mostly “excellent” and “good”. Satisfaction with the training program was also rated mostly with “excellent” and “good”. Conclusion: The BLS training program effectively improved participants’ knowledge and skills for basic life support. This program should be disseminated to train lay people in other settings. Keywords: Basic life support, Cardiac arrest, Mobile application

EFFECT OF REACTION TRAINING ON DURATION AND REACTION TIMES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Tülin ATAN
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Speed Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Training Exercises

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of reaction training on reaction time and speed in tennis players. For this purpose a total of 18 tennis players; 9 male (age; 13.33 ± 1.80 years) and 7 female (13.85 ± 2.19 years) were voluntarily participated the study. In this study, the reaction training program, which was applied for 2 days a week for 12 weeks, was prepared in addition to tennis training. In the reaction training, exercises suitable for visual and auditory reaction were used. Before and after the 12-week reaction training, a 30 m speed running test and reaction time tests were performed. Whether the data showed normal distribution was analyzed with the Shapiro Wilk test and it was determined that the data did not show normal distribution. Mann Whitney U test was used in comparisons between the two groups. Wilcoxan Signd Rank test was used in the comparisons made before and after the training. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was seen that both the physical characteristics and performance parameters of males and females in our study group were not statistically different (p>0.05). For this reason, all subjects were taken into consideration regardless of gender in comparisons before and after tennis training. After the reaction training program applied to the subjects, it was determined that the 30 m speed performance values were shortened in duration compared to the pre-training period, that is, the speed improved (p <0.01). When the reaction time values were compared before and after the training program applied, it was seen that the reaction time values improved significantly after the training (p <0.01). As a result, reaction training performed in tennis players’ increases speed and reaction time performance. Reaction training is recommended in sports branches where this type of motor is important.

scholarly journals SALIVARY ALPHA-AMYLASE AS A MEASURE OF ANXIETY BEFORE AND AFTER DENTAL TREATMENT FOR VISUALLY AND HEARING-IMPAIRED CHILDREN AND THEIR MOTHERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Eka S Shofiyah ◽  
Margaretha Sovaria ◽  
Mochamad F Rizal ◽  
Sarworini B Budiardjo
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Salivary Alpha Amylase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Objective: Visual and hearing impairments are known to profoundly affect children’s psychological development, including their anxiety. However, strong emotional relationship with their mother found in these children may help them cope. Measuring salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) in saliva samples is widely used in clinical settings as a reliable, non-invasive biomarker of anxiety level.Methods: Our objective was to evaluate sAA levels in visually and hearing-impaired children and their mothers before and after dental treatment. This study included 60 children with visual and hearing impairments and their mothers. sAA level of both children and mothers was sampled while they were together in the waiting room before treatment. The children then underwent dental prophylaxis in a separate room, and their post-treatment sAA was measured immediately afterward. At that time, their mother’s post-treatment sAA was sampled in the waiting room. Data were analyzed using a Wilcoxon test.Results: sAA levels were found to differ significantly between pre- and post-dental treatment (p<0.05).Conclusion: This difference indicates that reducing maternal anxiety would be of great benefit in reducing anxiety in visually and hearing-impaired children. Practical implications: Appropriately managing anxiety in this group of children can be of great benefit to dentists in daily practice, helping them provide the care that these children need.

scholarly journals Consonant recognition loss in hearing impaired listeners

2009 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 2683-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep A. Phatak ◽  
Yang-soo Yoon ◽  
David M. Gooler ◽  
Jont B. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Consonant Recognition
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document