Functional Clauses and Sentence Segmentation

In two experiments subjects listened to a sentence containing a brief tone, then wrote out the sentence and marked the location of the tone. The experimental sentences were biclausal with the tone placed before or after the clause break. The initial clause was either functionally complete or functionally incomplete. Functionally complete clauses contain a complete set of fully specified grammatical relations, while functionally incomplete clauses do not. In Experiment 1 tones were mislocated toward the clause break and the final word of the first clause significantly more often for functionally complete clauses. Experiment 2 replicated this finding holding deep-and surface-structure variables constant. The resulis indicate that functionally complete clauses are better segmentation units during sentence perception than functionally incomplete clauses. Purely structural theories of the units of sentence perception cannot account for this finding.

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Scaled particle theory: Solution to the complete set of scaled particle theory conditions: Applications to surface structure and dilute mixtures

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/bf01012852 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 535-536

Author(s):

M. J. Mandell ◽

H. Reiss

Keyword(s):

Surface Structure ◽

Scaled Particle Theory ◽

Particle Theory ◽

Complete Set ◽

Theory Solution

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Scaled particle theory: Solution to the complete set of scaled particle theory conditions: Applications to surface structure and dilute mixtures

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/bf01221372 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 113-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

M. J. Mandell ◽

H. Reiss

Keyword(s):

Surface Structure ◽

Scaled Particle Theory ◽

Particle Theory ◽

Complete Set ◽

Theory Solution

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Surface Structure of the Spores of Glugea Weissenbergi

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006310x ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 238-239

Author(s):

Sanford H. Vernick ◽

Anastasios Tousimis ◽

Victor Sprague

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Surface Structure ◽

Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Mature Spore ◽

Spore Surface ◽

Sectioned Material ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Surface Detail

Recent electron microscope studies have greatly expanded our knowledge of the structure of the Microsporida, particularly of the developing and mature spore. Since these studies involved mainly sectioned material, they have revealed much internal detail of the spores but relatively little surface detail. This report concerns observations on the spore surface by means of the transmission electron microscope.

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Surface Structure of Nucleated Animal Cells: Carbon Replicas

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100060611 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 120-121

Author(s):

Robert M. Glaeser ◽

Thea B. Scott

Keyword(s):

Cell Surface ◽

Surface Structure ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Animal Cells ◽

Replica Technique ◽

Carbon Replica ◽

Characteristic Particle ◽

Cell Surface Structure ◽

Carbon Replicas

The carbon-replica technique can be used to obtain information about cell-surface structure that cannot ordinarily be obtained by thin-section techniques. Mammalian erythrocytes have been studied by the replica technique and they appear to be characterized by a pebbly or “plaqued“ surface texture. The characteristic “particle” diameter is about 200 Å to 400 Å. We have now extended our observations on cell-surface structure to chicken and frog erythrocytes, which possess a broad range of cellular functions, and to normal rat lymphocytes and mouse ascites tumor cells, which are capable of cell division. In these experiments fresh cells were washed in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium Salt Solution (for suspension cultures) and one volume of a 10% cell suspension was added to one volume of 2% OsO4 or 5% gluteraldehyde in 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3. Carbon replicas were obtained by a technique similar to that employed by Glaeser et al. Figure 1 shows an electron micrograph of a carbon replica made from a chicken erythrocyte, and Figure 2 shows an enlarged portion of the same cell.

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High resolution surface structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100082741 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 376-377

Author(s):

S. S. Breese ◽

H. L. Bachrach

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Surface Structure ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Physical Measurements ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

Models for the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been proposed from chemical and physical measurements (Brown, et al., 1970; Talbot and Brown, 1972; Strohmaier and Adam, 1976) and from rotational image-enhancement electron microscopy (Breese, et al., 1965). In this report we examine the surface structure of FMDV particles by high resolution electron microscopy and compare it with that of particles in which the outermost capsid protein VP3 (ca. 30, 000 daltons) has been split into smaller segments, two of which VP3a and VP3b have molecular weights of about 15, 000 daltons (Bachrach, et al., 1975).Highly purified and concentrated type A12, strain 119 FMDV (5 mg/ml) was prepared as previously described (Bachrach, et al., 1964) and stored at 4°C in 0. 2 M KC1-0. 5 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7. 5. For electron microscopy, 1. 0 ml samples of purified virus and trypsin-treated virus were dialyzed at 4°C against 0. 2 M NH4OAC at pH 7. 3, deposited onto carbonized formvar-coated copper screens and stained with phosphotungstic acid, pH 7. 3.

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Examination of Schistosome Cercariae and Schistosomules by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062154 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 50-51

Author(s):

D. Johnson ◽

P. Moriearty

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Surface Structure ◽

Extensive Study ◽

Scanning Microscopy ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Conventional Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron

Since several species of Schistosoma, or blood fluke, parasitize man, these trematodes have been subjected to extensive study. Light microscopy and conventional electron microscopy have yielded much information about the morphology of the various stages; however, scanning electron microscopy has been little utilized for this purpose. As the figures demonstrate, scanning microscopy is particularly helpful in studying at high resolution characteristics of surface structure, which are important in determining host-parasite relationships.

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Profile Imaging of Silicon Surface Reconstructions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100118229 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 262-263

Author(s):

O.L. Krivanek ◽

G.J. Wood

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Surface Structure ◽

Structure Determination ◽

Silicon Surface ◽

Good Resolution ◽

Surface Reconstructions ◽

Bulk Structure ◽

Point To Point ◽

The Relationship

Electron microscopy at 0.2nm point-to-point resolution, 10-10 torr specimei region vacuum and facilities for in-situ specimen cleaning presents intere; ing possibilities for surface structure determination. Three methods for examining the surfaces are available: reflection (REM), transmission (TEM) and profile imaging. Profile imaging is particularly useful because it giv good resolution perpendicular as well as parallel to the surface, and can therefore be used to determine the relationship between the surface and the bulk structure.

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