What About the Rib Cage?

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Peter J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Rib Cage

scholarly journals A Simulation of the Effects of Badminton Serve Release Height

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2903
Author(s):  
John Rasmussen ◽  
Mark de Zee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Forward Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Female Player ◽  
Ballistic Trajectory ◽  
Release Height

In this work, we develop and calibrate a model to represent the trajectory of a badminton shuttlecock and use it to investigate the influence of serve height in view of a new serve rule instated by the Badminton World Federation. The new rule means that all players must launch the shuttlecock below a height of 1.15 m, as opposed to the old rule whereby the required launch height was under the rib cage of the server. The model is based on a forward dynamics model of ballistic trajectory with drag, and it is calibrated with experimental data. The experiments also served to determine the actual influence of the new rule on the shuttlecock launch position. The model is used in a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the statistical influence of the new serve rules on the player’s ability to perform good serves; i.e., serves with little opportunity for the receiver to attack. We conclude that, for the female player in question, serving below a height of 1.15 m makes it marginally more difficult to perform excellent serves. We also conclude that there might be alternative launch positions that would be less likely to produce the best serves but could be exploited as a tactical option.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Biplanar Reconstruction of Scoliotic Rib Cage Using the Estimation of a Mixture of Probabilistic Prior Models

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Benameur ◽  
M. Mignotte ◽  
F. Destrempes ◽  
J.A. DeGuise
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Prior Models

Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Smith ◽  
J. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Pubic Symphysis ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Wall Movement ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Three Degree Of Freedom

A three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall is presented. In addition to the standard variables representing surface displacements of the rib cage and abdominal wall in transverse planes, the description includes a variable representing axial displacements of the chest wall associated with postural movements of the spine and pelvis. A simple technique was developed for quantifying the axial displacements using a single measurement by magnetometry of changes in the distance between a point on the anterior surface of the rib cage near the xiphisternum and a point on the abdominal surface near the pubic symphysis. It was found that axial displacements produced by either flexion-extension of the spine or rotation of the pelvis in the standing postures can be treated as a single degree of freedom. The chest wall displacements induced over the range of axial displacement examined were as large as those normally accompanying a change in lung volume on the order of 30–50% of the vital capacity. It is concluded, however, that although this additional degree of freedom can cause large chest wall displacements, it probably cannot independently change lung volume. This implies that the system is constrained so that there are only a limited number of independent modes of chest wall movement that are capable of producing significant changes in lung volume. It also suggests that the system is constructed so that lung volume can be relatively independent of certain postural distortions of the chest wall.

Osteomyelitis of the rib cage by Aspergillus flavus

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Landaburu ◽  
Gabriela López Daneri ◽  
Federico Ploszaj ◽  
Mariana Kruss ◽  
Alejandra Vinante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Rib Cage

Respiratory muscle coordination and diaphragm length during expiratory threshold loading

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Road ◽  
A. M. Leevers ◽  
E. Goldman ◽  
A. Grassino
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Volume Functional ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Expiratory Muscles

Active expiration is produced by the abdominal muscles and the rib cage expiratory muscles. We hypothesized that the relative contribution of these two groups to expiration would affect diaphragmatic length and, hence, influence the subsequent inspiration. To address this question we measured the respiratory muscle response to expiratory threshold loading in spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs. Prevagotomy, the increase in lung volume (functional residual capacity) and decrease in initial resting length of the diaphragm were attenuated by greater than 50% of values predicted by the passive relationships. Diaphragmatic activation (electromyogram) increased and tidal volume (VT) was preserved. Postvagotomy, effective expiratory muscle recruitment was abolished. The triangularis sterni muscle remained active, and the increase in lung volume was attenuated by less than 15% of that predicted by the passive relationship. Diaphragmatic length was shorter than predicted. VT was not restored, even though costal diaphragmatic and parasternal intercostal electromyogram increased. During expiratory threshold loading with abdominal muscles resected and vagus intact, recruitment of the rib cage expiratory muscles produced a reduction in lung volume comparable with prevagotomy; however, diaphragmatic length decreased markedly. Both the rib cage and abdominal expiratory muscles may defend lung volume; however, their combined action is important to restore diaphragmatic initial length and, accordingly, to preserve VT.

Diaphragmatic work of breathing in premature human infants

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Guslits ◽  
S. E. Gaston ◽  
M. H. Bryan ◽  
S. J. England ◽  
A. C. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Intercostal Muscle ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Inspiratory Work

Present methods of assessing the work of breathing in human infants do not account for the added load when intercostal muscle activity is lost and rib cage distortion occurs. We have developed a technique for assessing diaphragmatic work in this circumstance utilizing measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure and abdominal volume displacement. Eleven preterm infants without evidence of lung disease were studied. During periods of minimal rib cage distortion, inspiratory diaphragmatic work averaged 5.9 g X cm X ml-1, increasing to an average of 12.4 g X cm X ml-1 with periods of paradoxical rib cage motion (P less than 0.01). Inspiratory work was strongly correlated with the electrical activity of the diaphragm as measured from its moving time average (P less than 0.05). Assuming a mechanical efficiency of 4% in these infants, the caloric cost of diaphragmatic work may reach 10% of their basal metabolic rate in periods with rib cage distortion. When lung disease is superimposed, the increased metabolic demands of the diaphragm may predispose preterm infants to fatigue and may contribute to a failure to grow.

Triangularis sterni muscle use in supine humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
V. Ninane ◽  
J. J. Gilmartin ◽  
C. Lemerre ◽  
M. Estenne
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
External Oblique ◽  
Head Flexion ◽  
Static Head

The electrical activity of the triangularis sterni (transversus thoracis) muscle was studied in supine humans during resting breathing and a variety of respiratory and nonrespiratory maneuvers known to bring the abdominal muscles into action. Twelve normal subjects, of whom seven were uninformed and untrained, were investigated. The electromyogram of the triangularis sterni was recorded using a concentric needle electrode, and it was compared with the electromyograms of the abdominal (external oblique and rectus abdominis) muscles. The triangularis sterni was usually silent during resting breathing. In contrast, the muscle was invariably activated during expiration from functional residual capacity, expulsive maneuvers, “belly-in” isovolume maneuvers, static head flexion and trunk rotation, and spontaneous events such as speech, coughing, and laughter. When three trained subjects expired voluntarily with considerable recruitment of the triangularis sterni and no abdominal muscle activity, rib cage volume decreased and abdominal volume increased. These results indicate that unlike in the dog, spontaneous quiet expiration in supine humans is essentially a passive process; the human triangularis sterni, however, is a primary muscle of expiration; and its neural activation is largely coupled with that of the abdominals. The triangularis sterni probably contributes to the deflation of the rib cage during active expiration.

Expiratory muscle contribution to tidal volume in head-up dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1438-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Farkas ◽  
M. Estenne ◽  
A. De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Expiratory Muscle ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
S Period ◽  
Average Contribution

A change from the supine to the head-up posture in anesthetized dogs elicits increased phasic expiratory activation of the rib cage and abdominal expiratory muscles. However, when this postural change is produced over a 4- to 5-s period, there is an initial apnea during which all the muscles are silent. In the present studies, we have taken advantage of this initial silence to determine functional residual capacity (FRC) and measure the subsequent change in end-expiratory lung volume. Eight animals were studied, and in all of them end-expiratory lung volume in the head-up posture decreased relative to FRC [329 +/- 70 (SE) ml]. Because this decrease also represents the increase in lung volume as a result of expiratory muscle relaxation at the end of the expiratory pause, it can be used to determine the expiratory muscle contribution to tidal volume (VT). The average contribution was 62 +/- 6% VT. After denervation of the rib cage expiratory muscles, the reduction in end-expiratory lung volume still amounted to 273 +/- 84 ml (49 +/- 10% VT). Thus, in head-up dogs, about two-thirds of VT result from the action of the expiratory muscles, and most of it (83%) is due to the action of the abdominal rather than the rib cage expiratory muscles.

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