scholarly journals Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus

2020 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. L2
Author(s):  
I. A. G. Snellen ◽  
L. Guzman-Ramirez ◽  
M. R. Hogerheijde ◽  
A. P. S. Hygate ◽  
F. F. S. van der Tak
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Statistical Reliability ◽  
Polynomial Fit ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
The Common ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Spurious Results ◽  
False Positive Probability ◽  
Atmosphere Of Venus

Context. ALMA observations of Venus at 267 GHz that show the apparent presence of phosphine (PH3) in its atmosphere have been presented in the literature. Phosphine currently has no evident production routes on the planet’s surface or in its atmosphere. Aims. The aim of this work is to assess the statistical reliability of the line detection via independent re-analysis of the ALMA data. Methods. The ALMA data were reduced the same way as in the published study, following the provided scripts. First, the spectral analysis presented in the study was reproduced and assessed. Subsequently, the spectrum, including its dependence on selected ALMA baselines, was statistically evaluated. Results. We find that the 12th-order polynomial fit to the spectral passband utilised in the published study leads to spurious results. Following their recipe, five other > 10σ lines can be produced in absorption or emission within 60 km s−1 from the PH3 1−0 transition frequency by suppressing the surrounding noise. Our independent analysis shows a feature near the PH3 frequency at a ∼2σ level, below the common threshold for statistical significance. Since the spectral data have a non-Gaussian distribution, we consider a feature at such level as statistically unreliable, which cannot be linked to a false positive probability. Conclusions. We find that the published 267 GHz ALMA data provide no statistical evidence for phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus.

scholarly journals The statistical reliability of 267-GHz JCMT observations of Venus: no significant evidence for phosphine absorption

2020 ◽  
Vol 501 (1) ◽  
pp. L18-L22
Author(s):  
M A Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Detection Method ◽  
Parametric Bootstrap ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Line Detection ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Statistical Reliability ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Atmosphere Of Venus

ABSTRACT In the light of the recent announcement of the discovery of the potential biosignature phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus, I present an independent reanalysis of the original James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) data to assess the statistical reliability of the detection. Two line detection methods are explored: low-order polynomial fits and higher order multiple polynomial fits. A non-parametric bootstrap analysis reveals that neither line detection method is able to recover a statistically significant detection. Similar to the results of other reanalyses of ALMA(Atacama Large Millimetre Array) Venus spectra, the polynomial fitting process results in false positive detections in the JCMT spectrum. There is thus no significant evidence for phosphine absorption in the JCMT Venus spectra.

scholarly journals The Accidental Checkmate: Understanding the Intent behind sharing Misinformation on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World Community ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
Independent Parameters

The bloom of COVID19 has resulted in the explosion of ripple pollens which have severely affected the world community in the terms of their multi-axial impact. These pollens, despite being indistinguishable, have a varied set of characteristics in terms of their origin and contribution towards the overall declining homeostasis of human beings. The most prominent of these pollens are misinformation. Various studies have been conducted, performed, and stochastically replicated to build ML-based models to accurately detect misinformation and its variates on the common modalities of spread. However, the recent independent analysis conducted on the prior studies reveals how the current fact-checking systems fail and fall flat in fulfilling any practical demands that the misinfodemic of COVID19 brought for us. While the scientific community broadly accepts the pandemic-like resemblance of the rampant misinformation spread, we must also make sure that our response to the same is multi-faceted, interdisciplinary, and doesn't stand restricted. As crucial it is to chart the features of misinformation spread, it is also important to understand why it spreads in the first place? Our paper deals with the latter question through a game-theory-based approach. We implement a game with two social media users or players who aim at increasing their outreach on their social media handles whilst spreading misinformation knowingly. We take five independent parameters from 100 Twitter handles that have shared misinformation during the period of COVID19. Twitter was chosen as it is a prominent social media platform accredited to the major modality for misinformation spread. The outreach increment on the user’s Twitter handles was measured using various features provided by Twitter- number of comments, number of retweets, and number of likes. Later, using a computational neuroscientific approach, we map each of these features with the type of neural system they trigger in a person’s brain. This helps in understanding how misinformation whilst being used as an intentional decoy to increase outreach on social media, also, affects the human social cognition system eliciting pseudo-responses that weren’t intended otherwise leading to realizing possible neuroscientific correlation as to how spreading misinformation on social media intentionally/unintentionally becomes a strategic maneuver to increased reach and possibly a false sense of accomplishment.

scholarly journals A Statistical Analysis on COVID19 Global Vaccination by Best Fit Regression Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaydip Datta
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Polynomial Fit ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Specific Country

Abstract In this analysis a best fit regression is executed in between two variables - population of specific country in million vs percentage of first dosage vaccinated till 25.04.21. The analysis is carried out by a standard statistical software with a significant Pearson correlation (r) of 4th order polynomial fit. The basis of first dosage already vaccinated is 1030 million globally.

scholarly journals Isotropic non-Gaussian gNL-like toy models that reproduce cosmic microwave background anomalies

2019 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. A13 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. Hansen ◽  
T. Trombetti ◽  
N. Bartolo ◽  
U. Natale ◽  
M. Liguori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Cmb Fluctuations

Context. Based on recent observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), claims of statistical anomalies in the properties of the CMB fluctuations have been made. Although the statistical significance of the anomalies remains only at the ∼2−3σ significance level, the fact that there are many different anomalies, several of which support a possible deviation from statistical isotropy, has motivated a search for models that provide a common mechanism to generate them. Aims. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether these anomalies could originate from non-Gaussian cosmological models, and to determine what properties these models should have. Methods. We present a simple isotropic, non-Gaussian class of toy models that can reproduce six of the most extensively studied anomalies. We compare the presence of anomalies found in simulated maps generated from the toy models and from a standard model with Gaussian fluctuations. Results. We show that the following anomalies, as found in the Planck data, commonly occur in the toy model maps: (1) large-scale hemispherical asymmetry (large-scale dipolar modulation), (2) small-scale hemispherical asymmetry (alignment of the spatial distribution of CMB power over all scales ℓ = [2, 1500]), (3) a strongly non-Gaussian hot or cold spot, (4) a low power spectrum amplitude for ℓ <  30, including specifically (5) a low quadrupole and an unusual alignment between the quadrupole and the octopole, and (6) parity asymmetry of the lowest multipoles. We note that this class of toy model resembles models of primordial non-Gaussianity characterised by strongly scale-dependent gNL-like trispectra.

The effect of pressure on thermal diffusivity in pyroxenes

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2597-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hunt ◽  
A. M. Walker ◽  
R. J. McCormack ◽  
D. P. Dobson ◽  
A. S. Wills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Damped Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Polynomial Fit ◽  
Pressure Dependency ◽  
Harmonic Oscillator Model ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Subducting Slab

AbstractThe thermal diffusivity of diopside, jadeite and enstatite were measured at simultaneous pressures and temperatures of up to 7 GPa and 1200 K using the X-radiographic Ångström method. The measurements herein show that the pressure dependency of thermal diffusivity in pyroxenes is significantly greater than in olivine or garnet and that in the MORB-layer of a subducting slab the thermal diffusivity of pyroxenes are a factor of 1.5 greater than that of olivine. The temperature dependence of all the data sets is well described by a low-order polynomial fit to 1/K and the pressure dependence is exponential in 1/K, formulations which are consistent with the damped harmonic oscillator model for thermal properties.

scholarly journals First passage probability assessment of stationary non-Gaussian process using the third-order polynomial transformation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Gang Zhao ◽  
Long-Wen Zhang ◽  
Zhao-Hui Lu ◽  
Jun He
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Probability Assessment ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Passage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Polynomial Transformation ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
First Passage Probability ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
First Four Moments

In this article, an analytical moment-based procedure is developed for estimating the first passage probability of stationary non-Gaussian structural responses for practical applications. In the procedure, an improved explicit third-order polynomial transformation (fourth-moment Gaussian transformation) is proposed, and the coefficients of the third-order polynomial transformation are first determined by the first four moments (i.e. mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) of the structural response. The inverse transformation (the equivalent Gaussian fractile) of the third-order polynomial transformation is then used to map the marginal distributions of a non-Gaussian response into the standard Gaussian distributions. Finally, the first passage probabilities can be calculated with the consideration of the effects of clumping crossings and initial conditions. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed transformation are demonstrated through several numerical examples for both the “softening” responses (with wider tails than Gaussian distribution; for example, kurtosis > 3) and “hardening” responses (with narrower tails; for example, kurtosis < 3). It is found that the proposed method has better accuracy for estimating the first passage probabilities than the existing methods, which provides an efficient and rational tool for the first passage probability assessment of stationary non-Gaussian process.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Gropers Appliance in Pediatric Dentistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1348-1353
Author(s):  
Swetha Ilangovan ◽  
Vignesh Ravindran ◽  
Geo Mani
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Oral Habit ◽  
Fixed Partial Denture ◽  
Space Maintainer ◽  
Space Maintenance ◽  
The Common ◽  
University Setting

Space maintainers are used to minimise undesirable drifting of teeth in the dental arch. Using space maintenance after the loss of primary teeth restricts the creation of spaces. Space maintainers also prevent the development of malocclusion due to space. The primary teeth loss can lead to different dental malocclusions like midline shifts, space loss and also crowding of teeth. Gropers appliance is a space maintainer used for children who have lost their primary anterior due to accident or caries. Gropers appliance is a fixed partial denture used for aesthetic purposes. This is used to restore mastication and speech to prevent abnormal oral habit development and also for aesthetics. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of Gropers appliance in Pediatric Dentistry. This was a retrospective study done under a University setting. All the patients' records were collected from June 2019 to March 2020 and were reviewed. The data included patients who required space maintainers. The data was tabulated and entered in excel and the data were analysed using SPSS package software. p<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance in the study. The prevalence of Gropers appliance in Pediatric Dentistry was found to be 39.6%. There was a male prevalence of 55.6% in receiving a Gropers appliance. The common age who received it was 3 years old. Within the limitation of current study, the prevalence of Gropers appliance was 39. 6% with the common age of children being 3 yrs.

scholarly journals The frequency of major flooding in coastal southeast Australia has significantly increased since the late 19th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Scott B. Power ◽  
Jeff Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Non Gaussian

Millions of Australians live in a 1500 km stretch of coastal catchments in south-east Australia. Major flooding in this region causes death, economic loss and major disruptions to the lives of its inhabitants. Concerns have been raised that anthropogenic climate change might lead, or has already led, to an increased risk of extreme rainfall and associated flooding. Images of flooding commonly appear in the media, fuelling perceptions that flood frequency has already in-creased. Here we use a new dataset that allows us to estimate reliable trends over much longer periods than has previously been the case. The statistical significance of the trends is assessed using a method that is suitable for the non-Gaussian, serially correlated flood frequency data. We identify a statistically significant, increasing trend in the frequency of major floods since the late 19th century, which contributes to a 50% increase in frequency. While possible reasons for the increase are discussed (e.g. land use change, anthropogenic climate change, natural climate variability), further research is needed to clarify the relative importance of possible contributors.

scholarly journals An empirical evidence of ethical climate index in rural banks from Board of Directors Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Hafid Aditya Pradesa
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Moral Sensitivity ◽  
Unethical Practices ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Common

The existence of the common image that the management of the rural bank is  not yet professional because of some unethical practices are still happening. Rural bank that is well known for Indonesian people since its target markets are mostly in the rural area. The aim of the study is to investigate what are the most important factors that are reflecting ethical climate in rural banks. The studyinvolves 153  directors of rural banks in Indonesia as respondents. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess individual parameters in the model, feasibility and the statistical significance of the estimates parameter. The findings show that that ethical climate index is most reflected by collective moral sensitivity, but in contrary boards of directors in rural banks also recognize the lowest perception in this dimension. This would sense an urgency to fostering moral sensitivity among all hierarchies, from top management to the lowest levels in the rural banking.

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