Ventilation and environmental control of underground spaces: a short review

More and more underground spaces were used in 21st century because of rapid urbanization, traffic problems, etc. Underground city, metro, tunnel, mine, industrial and agriculture engineering, civil air defence engineering need large underground spaces. Underground spaces with different thermal, ventilation and lighting environments may cause comfort, health and safety problems. Concrete problems include excessive humidity, heat transfer specialty, excessive CO caused by blockage in long distance traffic tunnels, difficulty in smoke exhaust and evacuation during fire, harmful microorganism, radioactivity pollutants, psychological problems, and so forth. Air quality control technologies for underground spaces, including ventilation technology, dehumidification technology, natural energy utilization technology, smoke extraction technology and ventilation resistance reduction technology, will be reviewed. Ventilation for smoke-proof/evacuation and ventilation will also be reviewed.

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A Review of Ventilation and Environmental Control of Underground Spaces

Energies ◽

10.3390/en15020409 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Bin Yang ◽

Huangcheng Yao ◽

Faming Wang

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Health And Safety ◽

First Century ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Air Defense ◽

Agricultural Engineering ◽

Resistance Reduction ◽

Natural Energy ◽

Control Technologies

Because of rapid urbanization, traffic problems, and other factors, underground spaces have been used more in the twenty-first century. Large underground spaces are required for underground city, metro, tunnel, mine, industrial and agricultural engineering, and civil air defense engineering. Underground spaces with varying thermal, ventilation, and lighting environments can face problems of comfort, health, and safety. High temperatures, high humidity, difficulty in flue gas emission, harmful microorganisms, radon, and physical and psychological problems are examples of issues. Air quality control technologies for underground spaces, such as ventilation, dehumidification, natural energy utilization, smoke extraction, and ventilation resistance reduction, are discussed. Ventilation for smoke-proofing/evacuation is also extensively addressed.

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Energy utilization and environmental control technologies in the coal-electric cycle

10.2172/6674391 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

G.C. Ferrell

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Control Technologies

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The Involvement of Law in Engineering Profession.

International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES) ◽

10.3991/ijes.v6i2.8837 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Rowland Jerry Okechukwu Ekeocha

Keyword(s):

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Control Measures ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Effective Control ◽

Cyclic Process ◽

Engineering Profession ◽

Natural Energy ◽

Background Temperature

Engineering law explains the interaction of law with industry. Engineering activities have some adverse effects on the environment through industrial wastes, gaseous emission air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation. There is the need to regulate harmful activities to the environment because of their adverse effect even though nature provides regeneration and maintenance of steady state conditions through the existence of a 2.7k background temperature space for heat rejection to close heat balance and the oceans which accept continental runoffs to close material balances of cyclic process. Environmental control therefore seeks to conserve natural energy and mineral resources by subduing and utilizing nature`s ecological cycles to serve the needs of humanity. Environmental control also seeks to replenish depletable fuel supplies with clean and abundant forms of gravitational solar and nuclear energy. In addition, environmental control seeks to conserve land and water runoffs, occurring naturally in the hydrological cycle. Engineering law and related laws contain provision that lead to the realization of the objectives of environmental control. This work discusses in one swoop environmental control measures and the interaction of law with industry in relation to engineering activities/practices. The greatest engineering progress is achieved through the effective control of environmental/engineering activities to derive optimum benefits for humanity.

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Optimizing Compliance Cost for Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities in a Multipollutant Control Environment

ASME 2004 Power Conference ◽

10.1115/power2004-52090 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James E. Staudt

Keyword(s):

Environmental Control ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Compliance Cost ◽

Market Pricing ◽

Derivative Instruments ◽

Natural Gas Prices ◽

Control Technologies ◽

High Degree ◽

Plant Capacity

Higher natural gas prices have increased the importance of coal-fired generation at a time when environmental uncertainty is raising the risks of operating coal-fired units. The likely need for increased investment in environmental control technologies comes at a time when many electricity generators are under great financial stress. This combination of forces makes a structured and comprehensive approach to assessing compliance strategies essential to managing generating assets. The approach needs to incorporate the high degree of uncertainty that can be otherwise buried in key assumptions, such as regulatory requirements, market pricing of allowances, plant capacity factor, wholesale electric prices, etc. The approach should also facilitate testing of assumptions under a range of scenarios to allow for flexibility in possible compliance strategies. In this paper an approach for evaluating compliance risks and quantifying the potential costs under various scenarios will be described. The approach integrates market-based compliance mechanisms with capital improvements in control technology while providing methods to address the uncertainty of key assumptions. The approach facilitates optimizing the balance between market-based and technology-based compliance approaches so that the environmental compliance risk profile can be tailored to the specific situation. A unique feature of this approach is that it incorporates the effects of the market risk associated with emissions markets along with market derivative instruments designed to manage risk, while also incorporating comprehensive technology analysis so that costs and risks can be well quantified under any regulatory scenario. The approach lends itself to active scenario review to facilitate flexibility in decision making while avoiding premature commitments.

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Flavonoid Productivity Optimized for Green and Red Forms of Perilla frutescens via Environmental Control Technologies in Plant Factory

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2018/4270279 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Na Lu ◽

Michiko Takagaki ◽

Wataru Yamori ◽

Natsuko Kagawa

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Total Yield ◽

Perilla Frutescens ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Environmental Treatment ◽

Plant Factory ◽

Control Technologies

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) is a dietary staple in Asia. It is an abundant source of flavonoids that are bioactively beneficial to human health and fitness. The current popularity of plant-based consumption is being driven by the healthful benefits of bioactive nutrition, and the concentration of bioactive agents found in raw plant materials is an important factor in the assessment of food quality. To test the feasibility of promoting flavonoid productivity in perilla plants via environmental treatment, plant factory technology was applied to perilla plant cultivation. Apigenin (AG) and luteolin (LT) are two of the most potent anticarcinogenic flavonoids in perilla, and these are also found in many vegetables and fruits. Quantitative analysis of AG and LT was conducted on plants cultivated under nine environmental forms of treatment imposed by three levels of light intensity (100, 200, and 300 µmol·m−2·s−1) combined with three levels of nutrient-solution concentration (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 dS·m−1) for hydroculture. The contents of AG in green and red perilla plant were increased by high nutrient-solution levels under the same light intensity. In green perilla, the highest concentration of AG (8.50 µg·g−1) was obtained under treatment of the highest level of nutrient-solution (3.0 dS·m−1) and 200 µmol·m−2·s−1 of light intensity, whereas in red perilla, the highest concentration of AG (6.38 µg·g−1) was achieved from the highest levels of both of these forms of treatment (300 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 3.0 dS·m−1). The increase in AG content per plant between the lowest and the highest levels was recorded by 6.4-fold and 8.6-fold in green and red perilla, respectively. The behavior of LT concentration differed between green and red forms of perilla. LT concentration in red perilla was enhanced under nutrient deficiency (1.0 dS·m−1) and affected by light intensity. Different responses were observed in the accumulations of AG and LT in red and green perilla during treatments, and this phenomenon was discussed in terms of biosynthetic pathways that involve the expressions of phenylpropanoids and anthocyanins. The total yield of flavonoids (AG and LT) was improved with the optimization of those forms of treatment, with the best total yields: 33.9 mg·plant−1 in green Perilla; 10.0 mg·plant−1 in red perilla, and a 4.9-fold and a 5.4-fold increase was recorded in green and red perilla, respectively. This study revealed that flavone biosynthesis and accumulation in perilla plants could be optimized via environmental control technologies, and this approach could be applicable to leafy vegetables with bioactive nutrition to produce a stable industrial supply of high flavonoid content.

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Evaluation of Building Sustainable Performance Based on Set Pair Analysis

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1456 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 243-249 ◽

pp. 1456-1460

Author(s):

Yang Liu

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Evaluation System ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Set Pair Analysis ◽

Sustainable Performance ◽

Natural Energy ◽

The World ◽

Reduce Energy Consumption ◽

The Empirical Analysis ◽

Pair Analysis

How to evaluate building sustainable performance is a hot issue in the world, the paper combine the “natural energy”, “energy recycling” and “ energy consumption” with 12 indicators into a evaluation system, and then use the set pair analysis(SPA) methods to evaluate the building sustainable performance. Through the empirical analysis with 3 cases, the results show that increase the natural energy utilization and enhance the energy recycling can reduce energy consumption and improve the building sustainable performance. In addition, the SPA also can quantitative the evaluation results.

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