scholarly journals Methods for the construction of lowered structures and pile foundations

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 09036
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kocherzhenko ◽  
Lyudmila Suleymanova

The paper discusses the methods of erecting sunk wells and pile foundations, which consist in regulating the frictional forces of soils: lowering along the lateral surface when sinking wells and increasing when erecting pile foundations. The developed method of sinking wells provides for the application of two types of effective antifriction coatings along the lateral surface: along the cutting edge of the structure and above the cutting ledge. At the same time, the coefficients of reducing the friction forces by these coatings for various types of soils have been established, and a method for calculating sunk wells for lowering is proposed, taking into account the use of the developed submerging method. To increase the friction forces on the lateral surface of the driven piles and to increase their bearing capacity, modular piles with a developed lateral surface of the T-section have been developed and introduced. The areas of rational use of these piles are established depending on the types of soils (clay and sandy) and the depth of their penetration.

Author(s):  
А.В. Сергеевичев ◽  
В.И. Онегин ◽  
В.О. Кушнерев ◽  
В.В. Сергеевичев ◽  
А.Е. Михайлова

Долговечность концевых фрез при работе определяется несущей способностью рабочей части корпуса и износостойкостью зубьев. Под несущей способностью рабочей части понимается ее способность воспринимать возникающие нагрузки от сил резания и обеспечивать жесткость и прочность фрез. Необходимая прочность концевых фрез определяется их конструктивными параметрами и условиями работы. При фрезеровании концевыми фрезами с глубиной более одного диаметра под воздействием сил сопротивления резанию происходит отжим фрезы, усугубляющийся наличием радиального люфта шпинделя в подшипниках. При этом возникают вредные силы трения вследствие контакта задних поверхностей с обрабатываемым материалом. Возникающий от трения нагрев фрез приводит к снижению их прочности. Одним из важнейших параметров концевых фрез является затыловка задних поверхностей. Существующие способы затыловки концевых фрез не полностью удовлетворяют требованиям эффективной работы. Данный отрицательный момент связан с тем, что концевая фреза консольная система, поэтому затыловка посредством равномерного поднутрения задних поверхностей по всей длине не удовлетворяет требованиям уравнения изогнутой оси балки под действием изгибающего момента. Вредные силы трения задних поверхностей фрез об обрабатываемый материал можно устранить при затыловке путем совместного профилирования рабочей части в поперечной и продольной плоскостях. При этом прочность фрез увеличивается на 7-10, а жесткость на 3-6. На практике совместную затыловку в поперечной и продольной плоскостях можно осуществить путем изготовления корпусов с конической рабочей частью. The durability of end mills during operation is determined by the bearing capacity of the working part of the housing and the wear resistance of the teeth. The bearing capacity of the working part is understood to be its ability to absorb the arising loads from cutting forces and to provide rigidity and strength of mills. The required strength of end mills is determined by their design parameters and working conditions. When milling with end mills with a depth of more than one diameter, under the influence of resistance to cutting, the mill is pressed, which is aggravated by the presence of radial play of the spindle in the bearings. In this case, harmful frictional forces arise due to contact of the rear surfaces with the processed material. The friction heating resulting from friction leads to a decrease in their strength. One of the most important parameters of end mills is the backing of the rear surfaces. Existing methods of backing end mills do not fully satisfy the requirements of efficient operation. This negative point is because the end mill is a cantilever system, so the backing due to uniform undercutting of the rear surfaces along the entire length does not satisfy the requirements of the equation of the curved axis of the beam under the action of bending moment. The harmful friction forces of the rear surfaces of the milling cutters on the material to be processed can be eliminated when backing by jointly profiling the working part in the transverse and longitudinal planes. At the same time, the strength of the cutters increases by 7-10, and the rigidity by 3-6.In practice, joint backing in the transverse and longitudinal planes can be accomplished by manufacturing housings with a conical working part.


Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Utkin ◽  
Leonid A. Sushev ◽  
Sergey A. Solovev

Introduction. The paper describes a new approach for pile foundations design. The system of mechanical impacts is described in a new way for the pile foundation design based on the foundation settlement taking into account the distribution of elastic deformation of the pile material in a soil base. Materials and methods. In contrast to the existing approaches to determining the pile settlement due to elastic deformations of the pile material, all impacts in the form of load from the pile cap, friction forces on the pile lateral surface and the actual reaction at the pile tip are taken into account differentially according to the principle of forces independence. The new design equation is proposed to describe the distribution of friction forces on the lateral surface of the pile. The friction forces in a homogeneous soil of the base are represented as a parabolic distribution function, and not as a linearly increasing one, as established in the standards. Results. As a result, the equation is obtained for a pile settlement design due to the elastic strain of pile material. An example of calculating the pile settlement according to the proposed method and comparing the results with existing methods is given. Negative friction forces from the reaction of the soil under the lower end of the pile increase the value of the elastic deformation of the pile shaft. Conclusions. The refined equation for calculating the elastic component of the pile settlement makes it possible to obtain a lower value of the settlement in comparison with the standard approach by taking into account the influence of friction forces of the soil along the pile lateral surface. The proposed method for pile foundations design based on the settlement can serve as a justification for the reserve of the load-bearing capacity of the pile foundation according to the settlement criterion which will allows obtaining a certain economic effect.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Jian Weng ◽  
Kejia Zhuang ◽  
Cheng Hu ◽  
Xing Dai ◽  
...  

Abstract Cutting tools with round edge can enhance the performance of machining difficult-to-machine materials, while the complex contact mechanism related to micro cutting edge limits the deeper understanding of cutting mechanics. Material separation, which is associate to plough mechanism with formation of dead metal zone (DMZ), also requires the analysis of contact behavior. This study develops a contact model along the round edge together with the illustration of DMZ, with three contact feature points defined to explain the contact situation between workpiece and cutting edge. Among these feature points, two separation points related to DMZ classify the sliding and sticking region considering the dual-zone approach. The stagnation point is the zero shear stress point where a sudden change in shear stress direction happens. Besides, the parabolic stress model obtained from finite element simulations is established to define the normal contact distribution along the round edge. In this basis, the tool-based frictional forces are determined and two contact force components are classified for different contact regions. The proposed contact feature points and contact stress are validated through illustration with finite element simulations. Besides, orthogonal cutting tests ensure the practicality and accuracy of the proposed contact model and predicted cutting forces.


2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Friedel Peldschus ◽  
Jens-Thorsten Wild

The energy shares occurring in the chiselling process were investigated in order to increase the productivity of the manual destruction of concrete. Apart from the influences of notch energy and cleaving energy, the energy loss due to friction forces was considered. As a result two new chisel forms were developed as a combination of sharp cutting edge and steep wedge. The effectiveness of these chisels was tested under experimental conditions as well as under reality conditions. It was found that the application of lateral tips at the chisel leads to an improved processing performance.


Author(s):  
Chung-Shin Chang

Temperatures of the carbide tip’s surface when turning stainless steel with a chamfered main cutting edge nose radius tool are investigated. The mounting of the carbide tip in the tool holder is ground to a nose radius as measured by a toolmaker microscope, and a new cutting temperature model developed from the variations in shear and friction plane areas occurring in tool nose situations are presented in this paper. The frictional forces and heat generated in the basic cutting tools are calculated using the measured cutting forces and the theoretical cutting analysis. The heat partition factor between the tip and chip is solved by the inverse heat transfer analysis, which utilizes the temperature on the P-type carbide tip’s surface measured by infrared as the input. The tip’s carbide surface temperature is determined by finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with temperatures obtained from experimental measurements. Good agreement demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed model.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Crincoli ◽  
Letizia Perillo ◽  
Maria Beatrice Di Bisceglie ◽  
Antonio Balsamo ◽  
Vitaliano Serpico ◽  
...  

Aims. To measure the friction force generated during sliding mechanics with conventional, self-ligating (Damon 3 mx, Smart Clip, and Time 3) and low-friction (Synergy) brackets using different archwire diameters and ligating systems in the presence of apical and buccal malalignments of the canine.Methods. An experimental setup reproducing the right buccal segment of the maxillary arch was designed to measure the friction force generated at the bracket/wire and wire/ligature interfaces of different brackets. A complete factorial plan was drawn up and a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to investigate whether the following factors affect the values of friction force: (i) degree of malalignment, (ii) diameter of the orthodontic wire, and (iii) bracket/ligature combination. Tukey post hoc test was also conducted to evaluate any statistically significant differences between the bracket/ligature combinations analyzed.Results. ANOVA showed that all the above factors affect the friction force values. The friction force released during sliding mechanics with conventional brackets is about 5-6times higher than that released with the other investigated brackets. A quasilinear increase of the frictional forces was observed for increasing amounts of apical and buccal malalignments.Conclusion. The Synergy bracket with silicone ligature placed around the inner tie-wings appears to yield the best performance.


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