scholarly journals Hydrogen-based technologies in maritime sector: technical analysis and prospective

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 06011
Author(s):  
Mariagiovanna Minutillo ◽  
Viviana Cigolotti ◽  
Giovanni Di Ilio ◽  
Arianna Bionda ◽  
Erik-Jan Boonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Operational Profile ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Powertrain Configuration

The maritime transportation sector is one of the main contributors to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted a strategy to reduce these emissions from international shipping >50% by 2050, compared to 2008’s emissions. Therefore, ship owners need to adopt solutions to bring emissions within these and other future limits by means of environmentally friendly fuels (hydrogen or hydrogen carriers) and high efficiency propulsion technologies (fuel cells). This paper focuses on the replacement of the conventional Diesel genset installed on a hybrid small-size ferry, with an innovative system based on PEMFC technology. A real case scenario is investigated: the total energy/power demand of the vessel is determined basing on a typical operational profile. Then, a preliminary redesign of its powertrain configuration is proposed along with an energy management strategy. The analysis has allowed to define the hydrogen consumption for a daily operation. Finally, different storage technologies involving both compressed and liquefied hydrogen have been considered and compared, in order to identify ship’s weight and space requirements.

Efficiency improvement of a novel dual motor powertrain for plug-in hybrid electric buses

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (7) ◽  
pp. 1869-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Paul D Walker ◽  
Nong Zhang ◽  
Jiageng Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Parallel Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Powertrain Configuration

Powertrain configuration plays an important role in the performance of plug-in hybrid electric buses. Current designs are the compromise between energy efficiency, dynamic ability, shifting smoothness and manufactural cost. To balance the above requirements, this research proposes a novel dual motor powertrain for plug-in hybrid electric buses. The efficiency improvement is compared to the conventional plug-in parallel hybrid electric buses with a single motor powertrain. Parameter designs of system components guarantee two configurations equivalently. To maximize the benefits of the proposed powertrain, this paper introduces an energy management strategy which coordinates enumeration method and dynamic programming to build the optimal maps of powertrain operation. The enumeration method determines the working points of power sources and gear states in all possible modes according to vehicle speed and power. The dynamic programming then selects the most suitable mode with the consideration of gear shifting and mode change in the optimal maps. Simulation results show that the dual motors work in peak efficiency region much more frequently than the single motor in different conditions. Therefore, the total energy cost of dual motor powertrain for entire driving cycles decreases significantly in comparison with the single motor powertrain, 6.5% in the LA92 and 6.7% in the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule.

scholarly journals Impact of Powertrain Components Size and Degradation Level on the Energy Management of a Hybrid Industrial Self-Guided Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ghobadpour ◽  
Ali Amamou ◽  
Sousso Kelouwani ◽  
Nadjet Zioui ◽  
Lotfi Zeghmi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Component Sizing ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Stop And Go ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Battery Degradation ◽  
High Level

This paper deals with the design of an energy management strategy (EMS) for an industrial hybrid self-guided vehicle (SGV), considering the size of a fuel cell (FC) stack and degradation of a battery pack. In this context, first, a realistic energy model of the SGV was proposed and validated, based on experiments. This model provided a basis for individual components analysis, estimating energy requirements, component sizing, and testing various EMSs, prior to practical implementation. Second, the performance of the developed FC/battery SGV powertrain was validated under three EMS modes. Each mode was studied by considering four different FC sizes and three battery degradation levels. The final results showed that a small FC as a range extender is recommended, to reduce system cost. It is also important to maintain the FC in its high efficiency zones with a minimum ON/OFF cycle, leading to efficiency and lifetime enhancement of FC system. Battery SOC have to be kept at a high level during SGV operation, to support the FC during SGV acceleration. In order to improve the SGV’s overall autonomy, it is also important to minimize the stop and go and rotational SGV motion with appropriate acceleration and deceleration rate.

scholarly journals Minimum Energy Management Strategy of Equivalent Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Improved Global Optimization Equivalent Factor

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xixue Liu ◽  
Datong Qin ◽  
Shaoqian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Equivalent Fuel ◽  
Equivalent Factor ◽  
Equivalent Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Operating Point

A parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is used to investigate the fuel economy effect of the equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) with the equivalent factor as the core, where the equivalent factor is the conversion coefficient between fuel thermal energy and electric energy. In the conventional ECMS strategy, the battery cannot continue to discharge when the state of charge (SOC) is lower than the target value. At this time, the motor mainly works in the battery charging mode, making it difficult to adjust the engine operating point to the high-efficiency zone during the acceleration process. To address this problem, a relationship model of the battery SOC, vehicle acceleration a, and equivalent factor S was established. When the battery SOC is lower than the target value and the vehicle demand torque is high, which makes the engine operating point deviate from the high-efficiency zone, the time that the motor spends in the power generation mode during the driving process is reduced. This enables the motor to drive the vehicle at the appropriate time to reduce the engine output torque, and helps the engine operate in the high-efficiency zone. The correction function under US06 condition was optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). The best equivalent factor MAP was obtained with acceleration a and battery SOC as independent variables, and the improved global optimal equivalent factor of ECMS was established and simulated offline. Simulation results show that compared with conventional ECMS, the battery still has positive power output even when the SOC is less than the target value. The SOC is close to the target value after the cycle condition, and fuel economy improved by 1.88%; compared with the rule-based energy management control strategies, fuel economy improved by 10.17%. These results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy.

scholarly journals Toward Sustainable Ferry Routes in Korea: Analysis of Operational Efficiency Considering Passenger Mobility Burdens

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8819
Author(s):  
Thi Quynh Mai Pham ◽  
Gunwoo Lee ◽  
Hwayoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Clustering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

With its long coastline, and numerous inlets and offshore islands, coastal ferry industries play a vital role in Korean maritime transportation. This study focuses on the southwestern part of Korea, Mokpo (which has the most inhabited islands and the highest proportion of elderly island residents), and aims to evaluate the impact of passengers’ mobility burdens on the efficiency of ferry routes to achieve a better service for passengers. Integrated principal component analysis–data envelopment analysis and a fuzzy C-means clustering method were applied to analyze the efficiency of ferry routes in the Mokpo area. The efficiency results indicate that longer routes do not always achieve high-efficiency scores. The proportion of general passengers appears to influence the efficiency improvements of both general and subsidiary ferry routes. These findings can assist in better comprehending the relationship between passengers’ mobility burdens and ferry route efficiencies; this will enable the authorities and ferry management departments to develop appropriate policies and strategies and to reconstruct certain features of the inefficient routes, thereby increasing operational efficiency, reducing mobility burdens, and improving the convenience of ferry travel and sustainability of Korean passenger routes.

scholarly journals Optimal Energy Management in a Standalone Microgrid, with Photovoltaic Generation, Short-Term Storage, and Hydrogen Production

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreu Cecilia ◽  
Javier Carroquino ◽  
Vicente Roda ◽  
Ramon Costa-Castelló ◽  
Félix Barreras
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Photovoltaic Generation

This paper addresses the energy management of a standalone renewable energy system. The system is configured as a microgrid, including photovoltaic generation, a lead-acid battery as a short term energy storage system, hydrogen production, and several loads. In this microgrid, an energy management strategy has been incorporated that pursues several objectives. On the one hand, it aims to minimize the amount of energy cycled in the battery, in order to reduce the associated losses and battery size. On the other hand, it seeks to take advantage of the long-term surplus energy, producing hydrogen and extracting it from the system, to be used in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. A crucial factor in this approach is to accommodate the energy consumption to the energy demand and to achieve this, a model predictive control (MPC) scheme is proposed. In this context, proper models for solar estimation, hydrogen production, and battery energy storage will be presented. Moreover, the controller is capable of advancing or delaying the deferrable loads from its prescheduled time. As a result, a stable and efficient supply with a relatively small battery is obtained. Finally, the proposed control scheme has been validated on a real case scenario.

scholarly journals A Verification of High-efficiency DC Micro-grid Power Systems with High-performance Power Converters and Energy Management Strategy

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Mishima ◽  
Ittetsu Taniguchi ◽  
Hisashi Tamaki ◽  
Youichi Kitagawa ◽  
Kouji Yutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Power Converters ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Micro Grid

scholarly journals Nanofluidic voidless electrode for electrochemical capacitance enhancement in gel electrolyte

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kefeng Xiao ◽  
Taimin Yang ◽  
Jiaxing Liang ◽  
Aditya Rawal ◽  
Huabo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Porous Electrodes ◽  
Gel Electrolyte ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Electrochemical Capacitance ◽  
Diffusion Limitations ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Liquid Electrolytes ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Lower Capacitance

AbstractPorous electrodes with extraordinary capacitances in liquid electrolytes are oftentimes incompetent when gel electrolyte is applied because of the escalating ion diffusion limitations brought by the difficulties of infilling the pores of electrode with gels. As a result, porous electrodes usually exhibit lower capacitance in gel electrolytes than that in liquid electrolytes. Benefiting from the swift ion transport in intrinsic hydrated nanochannels, the electrochemical capacitance of the nanofluidic voidless electrode (5.56% porosity) is nearly equal in gel and liquid electrolytes with a difference of ~1.8%. In gel electrolyte, the areal capacitance reaches 8.94 F cm−2 with a gravimetric capacitance of 178.8 F g−1 and a volumetric capacitance of 321.8 F cm−3. The findings are valuable to solid-state electrochemical energy storage technologies that require high-efficiency charge transport.

scholarly journals Future Directions for Human-Centered Transparent Systems for Engine Room Monitoring in Shore Control Centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Changhun Han ◽  
Apsara Abeysiriwardhane ◽  
Shuhong Chai ◽  
Ananda Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Engine Room ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Control Centre ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Autonomous Ship ◽  
Uncertainty Information ◽  
Machine Interaction

Many autonomous ship projects have reflected the increasing interest in incorporating the concept of autonomy into the maritime transportation sector. However, autonomy is not a silver bullet, as exemplified by many incidents in the past involving human and machine interaction; rather it introduces new Human Factor (HF) challenges. These challenges are especially critical for Engine Room Monitoring (ERM) in Shore Control Centre (SCCs) due to the system’s complexity and the absence of human senses in the decision-making process. A transparent system is one of the potential solutions, providing a rationale behind its suggestion. However, diverse implementations of transparency schemes have resulted in prevalent inconsistencies in its effects. This literature review paper investigates 17 transparency studies published over the last eight years to identify (a) different approaches to developing transparent systems, (b) the effects of transparency on key HFs, and (c) the effects of information presentation methods and uncertainty information. The findings suggest that the explicit presentation of information could strengthen the benefits of the transparent system and could be promising for performance improvements in ERM tasks in the SCC.

scholarly journals Feasibility analysis of an innovative naval on-board power-train system with hydrogen- based PEMFC technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 07009
Author(s):  
Simona Di Micco ◽  
Mariagiovanna Minutillo ◽  
Antonio Forcina ◽  
Viviana Cigolotti ◽  
Alessandra Perna
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
Hydrogen Technology

The maritime transportation sector is one of the main contributors to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), hazardous air pollutants, NOX and SOX. In particular, it is estimated that the CO2 emissions in this sector are about 1 Gt every year. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted stringent emission limits in its Tier III regulation, most notably on NOX and SOX emissions and pledged to reach a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipments by at least 50% by the year 2050, compared to 2008 emissions. For emission control areas (ECAs) these requirements are particularly strict and will be difficult to meet with traditional diesel engines and bunker fuels. Therefore, ship owners need to adopt solutions to bring emissions within these and other future limits by means of environmentally friendly fuels and high efficiency propulsion technologies. In this context, hydrogen and fuel cells play a crucial role, thanks to their low criteria pollutant and GHG emission. This paper presents a techno-economic feasibility study for replacing the conventional diesel engine powertrain, usually employed in Ro-Pax ferries, with an innovative system based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology. The ferry is actually powered by four diesel engines, which deliver a total output of 37.8 MW. The ferry also has two auxiliary engines which give an output of 4.0 MW and also two 2.0 MW bow thrusters for its manoeuvring. The energy analysis has allowed to define the hydrogen consumption for each cruise, as well as the optimal size of the innovative propulsion system. In particular, The PEMFC powertrain is sized at the same maximum power output as the main diesel engine and, thanks to the modular architecture of fuel cells and their flexible performance at partial load, the auxiliary engines are not contemplated. Moreover, in order to identify the best solution in terms of ship’s weight and space requirements, two hydrogen storage solutions based on compressed hydrogen technology and liquefied hydrogen technology, have been analyzed and compared. The economic assessment has been carried out by estimating the CAPEX and OPEX for each H2 storage technology by considering short-term, mid-term and long-term scenarios (from 2020 to 2050).

A Decision-Making Tool for the Optimization of Empty Containers' Return in the Liner Shipping: Optimization by Using the Genetic Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Naima Belayachi ◽  
Fouzia Amrani ◽  
Karim Bouamrane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Empty Containers ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Decision Making Tool

This article describes how in the maritime transportation sector, containerization represents one of the most remarkable improvements. In fact, the different shipping companies provide great efforts, whose purpose is to reduce the cost of this transport. However, these companies are facing a problem of empty containers, which are not available at some ports of Maritime Transport Network (MTN) to meet the clients' demands. This problem is simply a consequence of the imbalance in the distribution of containers through the MTN due to the set of containers that do not return to the origin port. This work offers a decision-making tool to this problem by proposing an optimal return of empty containers. The proposed application is based on evolutionary heuristics. Its principle is to find an optimal solution from a set of several feasible solutions generated during an initial population in order to enable the search of empty containers at lower cost.

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