scholarly journals Phosphorus recovery from wastewater and sludge

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 06016
Author(s):  
Regina G. Damalerio ◽  
Lawrence P. Belo ◽  
Aileen H. Orbecido ◽  
Carla Mae J. Pausta ◽  
Michael Angelo B. Promentilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Scanning Electron

Wastewater and sludge are potential resource of phosphorus (P) for fertilizer production. One method of recovering phosphorus is via chemical precipitation. In the study, phosphorus was recovered from wastewater and sludge. First, hydrolysis was carried out to release the phosphorus in the sludge by the addition of 1.0M acid (sulfuric acid) or base (sodium hydroxide) solution mixed for three hours at 200 rpm. The hydrolyzed sludge was filtered, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 9.0. Precipitation for both wastewater and hydrolyzed sludge solution was carried out using magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2•6H2O) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The mixture was stirred for an hour for crystallization. Precipitates were allowed to settle for 24 hours before it was filtered and dried in an oven at 55-58oC for 24 hours. The dried sample was grinded and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray fluorenscence (XRF), and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX).

ENHANCED CALCIUM PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATION ON THE SURFACE OF Mg-ION-IMPLANTED ZrO2 BIOCERAMIC

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. LIANG ◽  
Y. HUANG ◽  
F. HE ◽  
H. F. DING ◽  
Y. Z. WAN
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Precipitation ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Ion Implanted

Modification of bioceramics by ion implantation of magnesium ( Mg ) is of interest as Mg is the fourth abundant cation in the human body. In this work, magnesium was ion-implanted into a ZrO 2 based bioceramic stabilized with Y 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3. Both Mg -implanted and unimplanted samples were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for a period of time. The deposits on the surface of various samples were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We find that the Mg -implanted ZrO 2 shows better bioactivity than the plain bioceramic. These results indicate that Mg -implantation can improve the bioactivity of the ZrO 2 based bioceramic. Mechanisms governing the improvement are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Penggunaan ZnO/zeolit sebagai katalis dalam degradasi tartrazin secara ozonolisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Zilfa Zilfa ◽  
Safni Safni ◽  
Febi Rahmi
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Zeolite Catalyst ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zeolite Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

An investigation on modification of natural zeolite with ZnO for the degradation of tartrazine. In this study, ZnO as a semiconductor is modified into a natural zeolite as support to form ZnO/zeolite that can increase the efficiency degradation of tartrazine. Further, the formed catalyst was added to tartrazine by determining the variation in ozonolysis time, the amount of addition of the catalyst, and the addition of a catalyst time. The results of degradation were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 424 nm. The result showed that the percentage of degradation obtained on each catalyst in the degradation. The resulted percent degradation of 20 ml of tartrazine at concentration of 15 mg/L using 20 mg ZnO/zeolite was 56.80%, while using 0.77 mg ZnO was 42.25%, and with the addition of 19.23 mg of Zeolite was 31.18%, all of that condition was proceeded by 40 minutes of ozonolysis. Thus, the result indicates that the ZnO/zeolite catalyst can increase percentages of tartrazine degradation by ozonolysis. It is known that the catalyst ZnO/zeolite is very effective in increasing the degradation of tartrazine. Analysis of tartrazine compounds using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after degradation changes in wavenumber indicates that there is a breaking of the bonds of tartrazine compounds. Characterization of ZnO/zeolite catalyst using FTIR, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), in each spectrum there was no shift, indicating that there is no change in ZnO/zeolite structure

scholarly journals Sintesis Nanokomposit Fe3O4/TiO2 Sebagai Fotokatalis yang Dapat Diambil Kembali Dalam Fotoreduksi Limbah Ion Perak(I)

WARTA AKAB ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adya Rizky Pradipta ◽  
Riri Enriyani ◽  
Lintannisa Rahmatia ◽  
Andita Utami
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Sintesis nanokomposit Fe3O4/TiO2 sebagai fotokatalis yang dapat diambil kembali dalam fotoreduksi limbah ion Ag(I) telah dilakukan. Sintesis diawali dengan sintesis magnetit (Fe3O4) melalui kopresipitasi dan sonikasi. Pelapisan TiO2 dilakukan dengan proses sol-gel dengan penambahan benih atau seed TiO2 degusa, dan diikuti perlakuan termal pada suhu 500 °C. Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) dan diffuse reflectance-UV (DR-UV). Uji aktivitas fotokatalis nanokomposit Fe3O4/TiO2 dilakukan terhadap fotoreduksi ion Ag(I) dengan sistem batch dalam reaktor tertutup yang dilengkapi dengan lampu UV. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit Fe3O4/TiO2 memiliki kemampuan fotokatalitik yang baik. Nanokomposit Fe3O4/TiO2 memiliki kemampuan fotoreduksi lebih baik dibanding TiO2 tanpa modifikasi. Fotoreduksi ion Ag(I) 12,5 ppm berlangsung optimum pada pH 6 dan waktu reaksi 90 menit dengan hasil sebesar 98,6 %.

scholarly journals Μελέτη απολιθωμάτων αρκούδας από το σπήλαιο Λουτρών Αλμωπίας με χρήση ισοτοπικών μεθόδων και διαγενετικών δεικτών

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Νικολέτα Ζήση
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήθηκαν οστά και δόντια αρκούδας του είδους U. ingressus πλειστοκαινικής περιόδου, που εντοπίστηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια παλαιοντολογικών ανασκαφών στο Σπήλαιο Λουτρών Αλμωπίας, για την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικών με τη δίαιτα του εξαφανισμένου αυτού είδους και την ανασύσταση των παλαιοπεριβαλλοντικών συνθηκών. Για να διαπιστωθεί η καταλληλότητα των απολιθωμένων δειγμάτων και η αυθεντικότητα του ισοτοπικού τους σήματος, πραγματοποιήθηκε λεπτομερής διαγενετική μελέτη. Στη συνέχεια αναλύθηκαν ισοτοπικά απολιθωμένα οστά και δόντια, σύγχρονα οστά και δόντια, νερά της περιοχής όπου διαβιώνει σήμερα η καφέ αρκούδα (Ursus arctos) και νερά της περιοχής του Σπηλαίου Λουτρών Αλμωπίας. Στο πλαίσιο της διαγενετικής μελέτης, το σύνολο των απολιθωμένων δειγμάτων εξετάστηκε με τις μεθόδους της περίθλασης ακτίνων-Χ (X-Ray Diffraction – XRD), φασματοσκοπίας υπερύθρου με μετασχηματισμό Fourier (Fourier Transform - InfraRed spectroscopy, FTIR) και ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης (Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM). Οι ίδιες μέθοδοι εφαρμόστηκαν και σε δείγματα οστών και δοντιών της σύγχρονης καφέ αρκούδας, προκειμένου να χρησιμοποιηθούν πιλοτικά και παράλληλα να αποσαφηνιστεί η ποιότητα ορισμένων εξ αυτών λόγω ελλιπών πληροφοριών. Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων των μεθόδων, της μεταξύ τους σχέσης, των παραμέτρων που υπολογίστηκαν από αυτές και της σύγκρισής τους με τα αποτελέσματα των ισοτοπικών αναλύσεων, ορισμένα από τα δείγματα της παρούσας μελέτης κρίθηκαν ακατάλληλα, καθώς οι διαγενετικές διεργασίες πιθανά αλλοίωσαν το αρχικό ισοτοπικό τους σήμα. Τα υπόλοιπα δείγματα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην ισοτοπική μελέτη ανασύστασης του παλαιοπεριβάλλοντος. Στο πλαίσιο της ισοτοπικής μελέτης (δ13C και δ18Ο), αναλύθηκε το ανόργανο μέρος των οστών και των δοντιών (βιοαπατίτης) σύγχρονων και απολιθωμένων δειγμάτων. Οι ισοτοπικές τιμές του άνθρακα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εξαγωγή πληροφοριών της παλαιοδιατροφής, συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσματα με βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα πλειστοκαινικών αρκτοειδών της Ευρώπης, καθώς και με τη σύγχρονη καφέ αρκούδα που διαβιώνει στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Οι ισοτοπικές τιμές του άνθρακα έδειξαν ότι η U. ingressus ακολουθούσε μια παμφαγική διατροφή, με συμμετοχή πρωτεΐνης χερσαίας ή πιο πιθανά ποτάμιας προέλευσης. Αντιθέτως επιβεβαιώνεται η κυρίαρχη φυτοφαγική δίαιτα της σύγχρονης καφέ αρκούδας, με μικρότερη συμμετοχή πρωτεΐνης σε σχέση με την πλειστοκαινική αρκούδα U. ingressus του Σπηλαίου Λουτρών Αλμωπίας. Βάσει των ισοτοπικών τιμών του οξυγόνου του βιοαπατίτη της σύγχρονης καφέ αρκούδας, των νερών της περιοχής που διαβιώνει και του απολιθωμένου υλικού της U. ingressus, κατασκευάστηκαν εξισώσεις που συνδέουν την ισοτοπική τιμή του οξυγόνου των οστών και των δοντιών με το νερό που κατανάλωσε η U. ingressus. Οι ευθείες που προκύπτουν από τις εξισώσεις περιλαμβάνουν ως μόνο παράγοντα διαμόρφωσης της ισοτοπικής τιμής του νερού του σώματος, το νερό που καταναλώνεται. Η παλαιοκλιματική ανασύσταση υποδεικνύει ψυχρότερες συνθήκες σε σχέση με τις συνθήκες που επικρατούν στην περιοχή τη σύγχρονη εποχή. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό βρίσκεται σε αρμονία με την εκτίμηση της ηλικίας των απολιθωμάτων (42.361 χρόνια πριν από σήμερα).

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Asam Humat Dari Sampah Organik Sebagai Adsorben Pada Limbah Cair Sintesis Timbal (Pb)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Maimunawaro Maimunawaro ◽  
Sazila Karina Rahman ◽  
Chairul Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstrak. Industri pelapisan logam disamping memiliki konstribusi bagi perekonomian Indonesia, namun dalam prosesnya menghasilkan limbah cair yang memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan karena mengandung logam berat. Salah satu teknik pengolahan limbah cair yaitu adsorpsi menggunakan asam humat dari ekstraksi sampah organik yang dijadikan adsorben. Kelebihan proses adsorpsi ini ialah pengerjaannya mudah, biaya relatif murah, relatif aman dari kontaminasi zat-zat kimia, serta tidak memberikan polusi berarti bagi lingkungan. Ekstraksi asam humat dari sampah organik berlangsung secara bertahap menggunakan proses ekstraksi dengan 1 L NaOH dengan variasi pelarut 0,1 N dan 0,5 N. Karakterisasi sebelum dan sesudah ekstraksi menggunakan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), masing-masing untuk mengetahui gugus fungsional, struktur kristal, serta struktur morfologi pada asam humat. Proses adsorpsi menggunakan asam humat sebagai adsorben dilakukan secara batch dengan massa adsorben 1 g/L, kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm, temperatur ruang dan pH 6,7–7,0 selama 1 jam. Analisa setelah adsorpsi menggunakan metode Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometer (AAS) untuk uji kadar timbal (Pb (II)). Hasil adsorpsi timbal (Pb) pada kedua variasi pelarut adsorben dengan pH awal 6,7–7,0 memiliki keefektifan masing-masing mencapai hampir 98%. Kata kunci:adsorben, asam humat, ekstraksi, sampah organik. Abstract. Removal of Lead (II) of Synthetic Wastewater Using Humic Acid Extracted from Organic Waste As Adsorbent.Metal plating Industry mining productions contribute to the growth of the Indonesian economy, but during the processes usually create a negative environmental impact such as heavy metals. The adsorption method is one of various methods for wastewater treatment. The humic acid as adsorbent in the adsorption method had been extracted from organic waste. The advantages of this method are simple, cheap and secure from chemical contaminant. The extraction of humic acid from organic waste takes place gradually using 1 L NaOH with a variety of solvents of 0.1 N and 0.5 N.The humic acid before and after treatment was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).  The adsorption process was carried out in batch experiment with mass adsorbent of 1 g/L,  stirring speed of 150 rpm, room temperatur, pH around 6.7–7.0  for 1 hour. The result showed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis characterize that adsorption lead (II) in several adsorbent concentrations at pH 6.7–7.07 has effectiveness 98%. Keywords: adsorbents, extraction, humic acid, organic waste. 

Calcium Oxalate on Limestone Surface of Heritage Buildings

2017 ◽  
Vol 750 ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodica Mariana Ion ◽  
Sofia Teodorescu ◽  
Raluca Maria Ştirbescu ◽  
Ioan Alin Bucurică ◽  
Ioana Daniela Dulamă ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, the presence of calcium oxalate on calcareous stone, is studied. The patina consists mainly of calcium oxalate which exists in three forms: monohydrated whewellite (small, smooth, globular yellow-green to brown crystals radial fibrous) (COM), dehydrated weddelite (small crystals, and spherical clusters of plaques consisting of brown or yellow platelets, which are sharp) (COD) and trihydrate caoxite (rarely observed, as mono or dihydrated precursor forms)(COT). Scanning electron microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy are used for characterization. The oxalate films were found to form a thin compact non-porous shell and penetrate deeply in an intergranular position or along microfractures, with effects on longer stability.

PENGGUNAAN TiO2 PARTIKEL NANO HASIL SINTESIS BERBASIS AIR MENGGUNAKAN METODA SOL-GEL PADA BAHAN KAPAS SEBAGAI APLIKASI UNTUK TEKSTIL ANTI UV

Arena Tekstil ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Komalasari ◽  
Bambang Sunendar
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Scanning Electron

Partikel nano TiO2 berbasis air dengan pH basa telah berhasil disintesis dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dan diimobilisasi pada kain kapas dengan menggunakan kitosan sebagai zat pengikat silang. Sintesis dilakukan  dengan prekursor TiCl4 pada konsentrasi 0,3 M, 0,5 M dan 1 M, dan menggunakan templat kanji dengan proses kalsinasi pada suhu 500˚C selama 2 jam. Partikel nano TiO2 diaplikasikan ke kain kapas dengan metoda pad-dry-cure dan menggunakan kitosan sebagai crosslinking agent. Berdasarkan hasil Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),diketahui bahwa morfologi partikel TiO2 berbentuk spherical dengan ukuran nano (kurang dari 100 nm). Karakterisasi X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) menunjukkan adanya tiga tipe struktur kristal utama, yaitu (100), (101) dan (102) dengan fasa kristal yang terbentuk adalah anatase dan rutile. Pada karakterisasi menggunakan SEM terhadap serbuk dari TiO2 yang telah diaplikasikan ke permukaan kain kapas, terlihat adanya imobilisasi partikel nano TiO2 melalui ikatan hidrogen silang dengan kitosan pada kain kapas. Hasil analisa tersebut kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) yang hasilnya memperlihatkan puncak serapan pada bilangan gelombang 3495 cm-1, 2546 cm-1, dan 511 cm-1,  yang masing-masing diasumsikan sebagai adanya vibrasi gugus fungsi O-H, N-H dan Ti-O-Ti. Hasil SEM menunjukkan pula bahwa kristal nano yang terbentuk diantaranya adalah fasa rutile , yang berdasarkan literatur terbukti dapatberfungsi sebagai anti UV.

Preparation of Borosilicate Xerogel and Research on its Mineralization

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 2059-2062
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Ya Dong Li ◽  
Gu Qiao Ding
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Tributyl borate was first adopted for the introduction of boron in the preparation of bioactive borosilicate xerogel by sol-gel method. The xerogel reacted continuously in 0.25M K2HPO4 solution with a starting pH value of 7.0 at 37 °C for 1day. The structural, morphologies and compositional changes resulting from the conversion were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that speed of formation of HA was cut way back on the time with the addition of boron and the induction period for the HA nucleation on the surface of the borosilicate xerogel was short than 1 days. The conversion mechanism of the borosilicate xerogels to hydroxyapaptite was also discussed.

scholarly journals Construction of in situ degradation bacteria of corn straw and analysis of its degradation efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujie Gong ◽  
Hongtao Zou ◽  
Chunrong Qian ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yubo Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Degradation Efficiency ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Purpose The highly efficient degradation bacteria were selected from the humus from the very cold straw in China for many years to construct the in situ degradation bacteria, and the degradation efficiency of corn straw was determined by process optimization. Methods According to the main components of corn straw, through morphological, physiological, and biochemical screening, three highly efficient complementary degradation strains were selected to construct the compound flora, and the degradation efficiency was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. Result The corn straw selected in this paper is mainly composed of cellulose (31.99%), hemicellulose (25.33%), and lignin (14.67%). Through the determination of enzyme activity, strain Streptomyces sp. G1T has high decomposition ability to cellulose and hemicellulose but weak utilization ability to lignin; strain Streptomyces sp. G2T has the strongest decomposition ability to cellulose and hemicellulose among the three strains. The decomposition ability of strain Streptomyces sp. G3T to lignin was the strongest among the three strains. Therefore, by compounding the three strains, the decomposition ability has been greatly improved. The optimal process conditions obtained by single factor and response surface method are as follows: pH is 7, temperature is 30 °C, inoculation amount is 5%, rotational speed is 210 rpm, and the weight loss rate of straw is 60.55% after decomposing for 7 days. A large amount of degradation of corn straw can be seen by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. Conclusion Streptomyces sp. G1T, Streptomyces sp. G2T, and Streptomyces sp. G3T screened from straw humus in very cold areas were used to construct in situ degradation bacteria, which had good straw degradation activity and had the potential to be used for straw treatment in cold areas after harvest. This characteristic makes the complex bacteria become a strong competitive candidate for industrial production, and it is also an effective biotechnology in line with the current recycling of resources.

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