Occupational risk management of equipment intended for charging electric vehicles

Implementing the objectives set at the European and national level to minimize dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of transport on the environment by introducing fiscal facilities has led to an increase in the market for electric vehicles. This increase requires the development and expansion of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. The transition from the supply of classic fuel vehicles to the electric ones led to the elimination of some risks and the appearance of new risks for the charging stations’ maintenance staff and the users. The study presents research on the identification of technical and safety requirements specific to a category of work equipment used to charge electric vehicles - charging stations. The technical and safety requirements applicable to electric vehicle charging stations have the role of providing the criteria underlying the management of the necessary risk management of both manufacturers and users and entities that ensure the maintenance of this equipment to adopt highly technical solutions.

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A Tale of Two Entities

ACM Transactions on Internet of Things ◽

10.1145/3437258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Hossam ElHussini ◽

Chadi Assi ◽

Bassam Moussa ◽

Ribal Atallah ◽

Ali Ghrayeb

Keyword(s):

Power Flow ◽

Power Grid ◽

Communication Protocols ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Public Data ◽

Simulation Based ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact ◽

Ev Charging

With the growing market of Electric Vehicles (EV), the procurement of their charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in their adoption. Within the revolution of Internet of Things, the EV charging infrastructure is getting on board with the introduction of smart Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS), a myriad set of communication protocols, and different entities. We provide in this article an overview of this infrastructure detailing the participating entities and the communication protocols. Further, we contextualize the current deployment of EVCSs through the use of available public data. In the light of such a survey, we identify two key concerns, the lack of standardization and multiple points of failures, which renders the current deployment of EV charging infrastructure vulnerable to an array of different attacks. Moreover, we propose a novel attack scenario that exploits the unique characteristics of the EVCSs and their protocol (such as high power wattage and support for reverse power flow) to cause disturbances to the power grid. We investigate three different attack variations; sudden surge in power demand, sudden surge in power supply, and a switching attack. To support our claims, we showcase using a real-world example how an adversary can compromise an EVCS and create a traffic bottleneck by tampering with the charging schedules of EVs. Further, we perform a simulation-based study of the impact of our proposed attack variations on the WSCC 9 bus system. Our simulations show that an adversary can cause devastating effects on the power grid, which might result in blackout and cascading failure by comprising a small number of EVCSs.

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Simulation of Future Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior—Effects of Transition from PHEV to FEV

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj10020042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Igna Vermeulen ◽

Jurjen Rienk Helmus ◽

Mike Lees ◽

Robert van den Hoed

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Early Years ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Agent Based ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Subsidy Scheme ◽

Infrastructure Performance ◽

Charging Stations

The Netherlands is a frontrunner in the field of public charging infrastructure, having one of the highest number of public charging stations per electric vehicle (EV) in the world. During the early years of adoption (2012–2015), a large percentage of the EV fleet were plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) due to the subsidy scheme at that time. With an increasing number of full electric vehicles (FEVs) on the market and a current subsidy scheme for FEVs only, a transition of the EV fleet from PHEV to FEV is expected. This is hypothesized to have an effect on the charging behavior of the complete fleet, and is reason to understand better how PHEVs and FEVs differ in charging behavior and how this impacts charging infrastructure usage. In this paper, the effects of the transition of PHEV to FEV is simulated by extending an existing agent-based model. Results show important effects of this transition on charging infrastructure performance.

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Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid Communications - Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1829-7.ch016 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 313-349

Author(s):

Azhar Ul-Haq ◽

Marium Azhar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Area Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations

This chapter presents a detailed study of renewable energy integrated charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) and discusses its various aspects such as siting requirements, standards of charging stations, integration of renewable energy sources for powering up charging stations and interfacing devices between charging facilities and smart grid. A smart charging station for EVs is explained along with its essential components and different charging methodologies are explained. It has been recognized that the amalgamation of electric vehicles in the transportation sector will trigger power issues due to the mobility of vehicles beyond the stretch of home area network. In this regard an information and communication technology (ICT) based architecture may support EVs management with an aim to enhance the electric vehicle charging and energy storage capabilities with the relevant considerations. An ICT based solution is capable of monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of EV batteries, health and accessible amount of energy along with the mobility of EVs.

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Policy Considerations for Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Incentives: Case Study in Canada

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj9030038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Azadeh Maroufmashat ◽

Michael Fowler

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

The Road ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Zero Emission ◽

Government Grant ◽

The Impact ◽

Electric Powertrains

Transportation accounts for more than 20% of the total Greenouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Switching from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly energy sources and to Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) is a promising option for future transportation but well to wheel emission and charging/refuelling patterns must also be considered. This paper investigates the barriers to and opportunities for electric charging and hydrogen refueling infrastructure incentives in Ontario, Canada and estimates the number of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) that would be offset by infrastructure incentives. The paper also assesses the potential of electric and hybrid-electric powertrains to enable GHG reductions, explores the impact of the electricity supply mix for supporting zero-emission vehicles in different scenarios and studies the effect of the utility factor for PHEVs in Ontario. The authors compare the use of electric vehicle charging infrastructures and hydrogen refueling stations regarding overall GHG emission reductions for an infrastructure incentive funded by a 20-million-dollar government grant. The results suggest that this incentive can provide infrastructure that can offset around 9000 ICEVs vehicles using electricity charging infrastructure and 4000–8700 when using hydrogen refuelling stations. Having appropriate limitations and policy considerations for the potential 1.7 million electric-based vehicles that may be in use by 2024 in Ontario would result in 5–7 million tonne GHG avoidances in different scenarios, equivalent to the removal of 1–1.5 million ICEVs from the road.

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A Review of Extremely Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14227566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7566

Author(s):

Naireeta Deb ◽

Rajendra Singh ◽

Richard R. Brooks ◽

Kevin Bai

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

High Speed ◽

Low Cost ◽

Power Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Dc Power ◽

Fast Charging ◽

Technology Gaps ◽

Charging Stations

The expansion of electric vehicles made the expansion of charging infrastructure rudimentary to keep up with this developing technology that helps people in a myriad of ways. The main drawback in electric vehicle charging, however, is the time consumed to charge a vehicle. The fast charging of electric vehicles solves this problem thus making it a lucrative technology for consumers. However, the fast charging technology is not without its limitations. In this paper we have identified the technology gaps in EV fast charging stations mostly focused on the extremely fast charging topology. It will help pave a path for researchers to direct their effort in a consolidated manner to contribute to the fast charging infrastructure. A thorough review of all aspects and limitations of existing extremely fast charging (XFC) stations have been identified and supporting data are provided. The importance of DC power network based on free fuel energy sources and silicon carbide-based power electronics are proposed to provide ultra-low cost and ultra-high speed XFC stations.

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Electric Vehicle Charging System

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-1099 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 92-96

Author(s):

Rutuja Rajole ◽

Rutuja Kakulte ◽

Ashwin Pathak

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

The World ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact

Electric vehicles are a new and upcoming technology in the transportation and power sector that have many benefits in terms of economic and environmental. This study presents a comprehensive review and evaluation of various types of electric vehicles and its associated equipment in particular battery charger and charging station. A comparison is made on the commercial and prototype electric vehicles in terms of electric range, battery size, charger power and charging time. The various types of charging stations and standards used for charging electric vehicles have been outlined and the impact of electric vehicle charging on utility distribution systems is also discussed. The methodology presented here was time-and cost-effective, as well as scalable to other organizations that own charging stations. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular in many countries of the world. EVs are proving more energy efficient and environmental friendly. But the lack of charging stations restricts the wide adoption of EVs in the world. As EV usage grows, more public spaces are installing EV charging stations.

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Feasibility Study of Renewable Energy Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 158-194

Author(s):

Azhar Ul-Haq ◽

Marium Azhar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Area Network ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Charging Station ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Charging Stations

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Analysis of the impact of electric vehicles on the power grid

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184400065 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 00065 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leszek Kasprzyk ◽

Robert Pietracho ◽

Karol Bednarek

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Power Grid ◽

Power Grids ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Voltage Drops ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact ◽

Methods Of Control

The paper presents problems related to the impact of electric vehicles connected to the power grid on energy parameters. Basic methods of control in power grids were discussed and results of the simulation were presented with regards to the power distribution, voltage drops and losses in the transmission lines. The simulation was conducted based on the example of CIGRE 11, to which electric vehicle charging stations were connected in several selected points, with the possibility of energy release into the grid. The obtained results were compared for the simulation conducted in two variants – without the connected electric vehicles and with them. The obtained results were analyzed and commented upon.

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An Algorithm for Optimization of Recharging Stops: A Case Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on Canadian’s Ontario Highway 401

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13082055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2055 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrea Stabile ◽

Michela Longo ◽

Wahiba Yaïci ◽

Federica Foiadelli

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Automotive Industry ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

The State ◽

State Of Charge ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Fundamental Part ◽

Charging Stations

Electric vehicles (EVs), which have become a fundamental part of the automotive industry, were developed as part of concerted worldwide efforts to reduce dependency on fossil fuels due to their devastating effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to analyse a complete trip using an EV from Toronto to Ottawa (Canada) along Ontario’s Highway 401, considering that use of conventional vehicles powered by petrol or diesel allow one to make this trip without stops; using EVs, it is necessary to recharge the vehicle. For this purpose, an algorithm was developed for optimizing recharging stops during a complete trip. In particular, the simulations analysed the number of stops and specifically where it is possible to recharge taking into account the actual charging stations (CSs) located along the trip and the time of recharge during the stops as a function of the state of charge (SoC) of the vehicle. Using this approach, it was possible to evaluate the suitable coverage of the CSs on the stretch considered as well as to assess the main parameters that influence performance on the route.

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Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on the Distribution Network Power Quality

10.4018/978-1-7998-6858-3.ch006 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 114-132

Author(s):

Gagandeep Sharma ◽

Vijay K. Sood

Keyword(s):

Power Quality ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Battery Electric Vehicles ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Fast Charging ◽

Charging Stations

This chapter discusses the available charging systems for electric vehicles (EV) which include battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plugged hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). These architectures are categorized as common DC bus charging (CDCB) station and common AC bus charging (CACB) station. CACB charging stations are generally used as slow chargers or semi-fast chargers (on-board chargers). CDCB charging stations are used as fast chargers (off-board chargers). These chargers are vital to popularize the electric vehicles (EVs) as a green alternative to the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Further, this chapter covers the power quality problems related to the grid-connected fast charging stations (FCS), AC-DC converter, control strategies for converters, proposed system of architectures, methodology, system results with comparisons, and finally, a conclusion.

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