scholarly journals Capacitance metrology at the BIPM to support National Metrology Institutes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Angel Moreno ◽  
Pierre Gournay
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
General Description ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Capacitance Measurements ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
The World ◽  
National Measurement

The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) is an international organization which works to promote and advance a coherent system of measurements throughout the world, traceable to the International System of Units (SI). One of its activities consists of the dissemination of units and the comparison of national measurement standards, which requires the availability of well-known and well-characterized standards. In particular, in the field of electricity, the BIPM supports capacitance measurements based on a quantum reference, impedance bridges and stable transfer standards, establishing traceability to the defining fundamental constants of the SI. In this paper it will be explained how the farad is realized at the BIPM, including a general description of the measuring systems, and how this unit is maintained.

scholarly journals The kelvin redefinition and its mise en pratique

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2064) ◽  
pp. 20150037 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fellmuth ◽  
J. Fischer ◽  
G. Machin ◽  
S. Picard ◽  
P. P. M. Steur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Primary Thermometry ◽  
A Value ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Mise En Pratique ◽  
Explicit Constant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Base Units

In 2018, it is expected that there will be a major revision of the International System of Units (SI) which will result in all of the seven base units being defined by fixing the values of certain atomic or fundamental constants. As part of this revision, the kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, will be redefined by assigning a value to the Boltzmann constant k . This explicit-constant definition will define the kelvin in terms of the SI derived unit of energy, the joule. It is sufficiently wide to encompass any form of thermometry. The planned redefinition has motivated the creation of an extended mise en pratique (‘practical realization’) of the definition of the kelvin ( MeP -K), which describes how the new definition can be put into practice. The MeP -K incorporates both of the defined International Temperature Scales (ITS-90 and PLTS-2000) in current use and approved primary-thermometry methods for determining thermodynamic temperature values. The MeP -K is a guide that provides or makes reference to the information needed to perform measurements of temperature in accord with the SI at the highest level. In this article, the background and the content of the extended second version of the MeP -K are presented.

scholarly journals A brief history of metrology: past, present, and future

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Fanton
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
International System ◽  
Actual State ◽  
The Past ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we take the freedom to paraphrase Stephen Hawking's well-known formula and approach, for a reflection about metrology. In fact, metrology has a past, a present, and a future. The past is marked by a rich series of events, of which we shall highlight only those which resulted in major turns. The impact of the French Revolution is indisputably one of them. The present corresponds to a significant evolution, which is the entry of metrology into the world of quantum physics, with the relevant changes in the International System of units (SI). An apercu of the actual state of the art of metrological technology is given. The future is characterised by a persisting need for a still enhanced metrology, in terms of performance and domain covered. In this respect, soft metrology seems to constitute a promising field for research and development.

scholarly journals ASEAN’s responsibilities towards regional peace and security under the light of international law

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Ngoc Minh Trang Pham
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International System ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
National University

After more than 50 years of existence and development, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has established itself as one of the significant players in the international community. This oldest as well as biggest international organization was believed to be the 5th most substantial economy in the world in 2020. Apart from contributing to the economic development of the region, ASEAN has also paid great attention to its political goals, one of which is to maintain and enhance peace, security and stability in the Southeast Asian region. With respect to this function, ASEAN has been excoriated for its ineffective performance and indolent reactions to regional precarious situations such as the Myanmar's Rohingya crisis and the chronic disputes in the East Sea. Hence, most criticisms called for a more compelling and active ASEAN in order to fulfill its role as a guardian of regional peace and security. Simon Chesterman, Dean of the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore, posed a question: ``does ASEAN exist?'' In order to answer to such a broad question, this paper analyse the legal personality of ASEAN under the light of international law, which confirms the independence of ASEAN from member states as an actor of international system. Next, the paper examine the legal powers of ASEAN used to respond to regional security related issues. Finally, the paper establishes that ASEAN has legal obligation to settle any disputes that affect the peace and security of the region.

Units of Measure

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil B. Fontanarosa ◽  
Stacy Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomedical Publication ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
The World ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
Biomedical Publications ◽  
Health Organization

The presentation of quantitative scientific information is an integral component of biomedical publication. Accurate communication of scientific knowledge and presentation of numerical data require a scientifically informative system for reporting units of measure. The International System of Units (Le Système International d'Unités or SI) represents a modified version of the metric system that has been established by international agreement and currently is the official measurement system of most nations of the world.1 The SI promotes uniformity of quantities and units, minimizes the number of units and multiples used in other measurement systems, and can express virtually any measurement in science, medicine, industry, and commerce. In 1977, the World Health Organization recommended the adoption of the SI by the international scientific community. Since then, many biomedical publications throughout the world have adopted SI units as their preferred and primary method for reporting scientific measurements...

scholarly journals Quantities and units for electrophoresis in the clinical laboratory

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
G. Férard
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
International System ◽  
International Organization ◽  
International Organization For Standardization ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
International System Of Units ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Electrophoretic Techniques ◽  
Dna Components

Electrophoretic techniques have been developed and refined over decades, and are now widely used in clinical laboratories. For example, electrophoresis is routinely used to separate many different components, including proteins, lipoproteins, and isoenzymes. More recently, the applications of molecular biology in diagnosis have increased the use of electrophoresis to separate DNA components in the clinical laboratory. Various kinds of quantities are used for the description of separation procedures. It is the purpose of this document to provide manufacturers and users of electrophoretic techniques with a list of relevant quantities and units consistent with the International System of Units (SI) and standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

scholarly journals Quantities and units for centrifugation in the clinical laboratory

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
M. Lauritzen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
International System ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Cellular Components

The centrifuge is widely used in clinical laboratories for the separation of components. For example in laboratories performing biochemical analyses on body fluids it is routinely used to separate blood cells from plasma, to separate sediment from urine, to measure the volume fraction of erythrocytes in blood (the haematocrit), and to separate bound from free components in protein binding and immunoprocedures. Less routinely, centrifugation is used for separation of lipoproteins in reference procedures for their measurement, separation of cellular components, and separation of DNA fragments. Various quantities are used for the description and the calculation of the separation processes at centrifugation. The aim of this document is to provide manufacturers and users of centrifuges with a list of quantities and units for centrifugation consistent with the International System of Units, SI, and standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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