scholarly journals The Deterministic Evolution Of Illicit Drug Consumption Within a Given Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 139-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusra Bibi Ruhomally ◽  
Nabeelah Banon Jahmeerbaccus ◽  
Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Evolution ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Epidemic Threshold ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Reproduction Numbers

We study the NERA model that describes the dynamic evolution of illicit drug usage in a population. The model consists of nonusers (N) and three categories of drug users: the experimental (E) category, the recreational (R) category and the addict (A) category. Two epidemic threshold term known as the reproduction numbers, R0 and μ are defined and derived. Sensitivity analysis of R0 on the parameters are performed in order to determine their relative importance to illicit drug prevalence. The local and global stability of the equilibrium states are also analysed. We also prove that a transcritical bifurcation occurs at R0 = 1. It is shown that an effective campaign of prevention can help to fight against the prevalence of illicit drug consumption. We demonstrate persistence when R0 > 1 and conditions for the extinction of drug consumption are also established. Numerical simulations are performed to verify our model. Our results show that the NERA model can assist policy makers in targeting prevention for maximum effectiveness and can be used to adopt evidence-based policies to better monitor and quantify drug use trends.

PARENTAL DRUG USAGE: EFFECT UPON CHROMOSOMES OF PROGENY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Dumars
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Chromosomal Breakage ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Illicit Drug Users ◽  
Significant Difference

Illicit drug usage is a serious medical problem. Parental use of LSD and the effect upon the unborn infant is in question. However, parental use of LSD has often prevented acceptance of those children subsequently relinquished for adoption. In this study we reviewed the records and clinical state of over 1,000 consecutive infants who were relinquished for adoption. Clinical and developmental examination was conducted upon 47 and chromosomal karyotyping upon 41/47 infants whose parents were illicit drug users. In comparison with comparable controls we found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of chromosomal breakage or rearrangement. Parental use of illicit drugs does not in itself constitute a valid reason for the refusal to accept or place an infant relinquished for adoption.

Trends in reports of driving following illicit drug consumption among regular drug users in Australia, 2007–2013: Has random roadside drug testing had a deterrent effect?

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Horyniak ◽  
Paul Dietze ◽  
Simon Lenton ◽  
Rosa Alati ◽  
Raimondo Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Deterrent Effect

scholarly journals Good intentions and dangerous assumptions: Research ethics committees and illicit drug use research

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Bell ◽  
Amy Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Special Protection

Illicit drug users are frequently identified as a ‘vulnerable population’ requiring ‘special protection’ and ‘additional safeguards’ in research. However, without specific guidance on how to enact these special protections and safeguards, research ethics committee (REC) members sometimes fall back on untested assumptions about the ethics of illicit drug use research. In light of growing calls for ‘evidence-based research ethics’, this commentary examines three common assumptions amongst REC members about what constitutes ethical research with drug users, and whether such assumptions are borne out by a growing body of empirical data. The assumptions that form the focus of this commentary are as follows: (i) drug users do not have the capacity to provide informed consent to research; (ii) it is ethically problematic to provide financial incentives to drug users to participate in research; and (iii) asking drug users about their experiences ‘re-traumatizes’ and ‘re-victimizes’ them.

scholarly journals Licit and Illicit Drugs Consumption among Students of the Federal University of Rondonia, Porto Velho Campus: A Cross Sectional Analysis 2011-2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 216-223
Author(s):  
Rosely Valéria Rodrigues ◽  
Cleitiane de Jesus Gomes Silva ◽  
Giovanna Lorena Nery Tavernard ◽  
Sérgio Valério Escobar Filho ◽  
Úrsula Melo de Souza Maia
Keyword(s):  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Porto Velho

Aim: To perform a comparative analysis of the pattern of illicit drug consumption among students at the Porto Velho campus of the Federal University of Rondônia in 2011 and 2017. Study design: This is a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Federal University of Rondonia Foundation (UNIR) campus José Ribeiro Filho, Porto Velho – Rondonia (Brazil), 2017. Methodology: The sample in 2017 comprised 352 students divided by knowledge centers, to tabulate and consolidate statistical data the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel were used, it was considered a 95.0% CI and 0.5% standard deviation. Results: 54.1% of the students are female, the average age is 23 years old, drug intake in 2017 increased when compared to 2011, alcohol (from 72.3% to 75.9%), tobacco (from 23.0% to 32.2%), marijuana (from 10.7% to 24.7%), there was a similar effect on cocaine and/or crack, amphetamines and/or ecstasy, inhalants, hallucinogen use, opioids, antipsychotics and antidepressants. Conclusion: In the comparison between the years 2011 and 2017, there was an increase in drug usage by college students, it is expected that the results found in this study may promote strategies of action to prevent and combat drug consumption among academics.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of the Impact of Rehabilitation Centers on Illicit Drug Usage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isa Baba ◽  
Saudatu Baba Sambo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Global Stability ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Endemic Equilibrium ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents a mathematical model that studies the importance of treatment at rehabilitation centers intending to show the impact of the rehabilitation centers in minimizing illicit drug usage. We consider the global stability of endemic equilibrium using the properties of Volterra-Lyapunov matrices. Numerical simulations were carried out to show the impact of rehabilitation centers on illicit drug users.

scholarly journals Mortality and causes of death: 6 years of monitoring treated drug users

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Jandl ◽  
A Hocevar Grom ◽  
A Drev
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
First Time ◽  
General Mortality

Abstract Background This study aims to analyse mortality among deceased cohort members from 2009-2015 in Slovenia in terms of causes of death. Cohort follows illicit drug users who were registered for the first time or repeatedly in Centres for illicit drug usage prevention and treatment. Methods 5157 subjects entered in a retrospective cohort study who were observed for 29.146 years. Data on deceased drug users from 2009 to 2012 were cross-linked with data from the General Mortality Register for the period 2009-2015. Results During 2009-2015 total of 153 deaths were recorded, mean age at death was 39.5 years. In almost three quarters violent death was the prevalent cause; among somatic causes alcoholic liver cirrhosis was the most frequent cause of death, followed by malignancies. Violent deaths occurred due to unintentional poisoning in 37%, followed by deaths from unidentified causes (11%), suicides (17%) and road accidents (2%). One half of suicides were committed by hanging. Conclusions Public health policies in the field of addiction should be more intensely focused on education on alcohol damage due to drinking, screening for patients with overdose risk and in establishing specific programs and strategies for reducing the risk of suicide in this population. Key messages Drug users should receive education on alcohol damage due to drinking. Drug users are in the risk of suicide.

scholarly journals Effect of illicit drug use on human behaviors in west Africa: cases of Grand-Bassam (Côte d'Ivoire)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-412
Author(s):  
Niemtiah Ouattara ◽  
Koffi Mathias Yao ◽  
Prisca Joelle Djoman Doubran ◽  
Ismael Angelo Sanogo ◽  
Neme Antoine Tako
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

The use of illicit drug represents a growing danger to social, physical, emotional and job and institutional related problems affecting the well-being of Ivorian youth today. The purpose of this study was to investigated and evaluated the existing knowledge of illegal types of drug usage among youth groups and its associated behavioral disorders and effects in Grand-Bassam district (Côte d'Ivoire). Urine samples were collected from each participant, amongst targeted youth populations for analysis, participants (n=442), age (≥14 years), both genders were randomly selected. Basic information, economic status, and drug usage history were collected using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Python and GraphPad (Prism 8.4.2). Our results finding show that people age 20-35 years with highest illicit drug consumption (57.7%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was the most consumed illicit product, followed by benzodiazepines (BZO) with 92.09% and 24.05%, respectively. The common effects associated with THC use include hallucination, while use of morphine seems to be on steady increase with aggressiveness disorder observed among its users who come more than one illicit drug  combinations. Keywords: Behavioral disorders, illegal substances, drug consumption, health risks, mental health, drug-related harms.

scholarly journals Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos ◽  
Kurunthachalam Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Drug Epidemiology

Environmental contextNeuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters are of increasing environmental concern. We compile the recent literature and evaluate the concentrations and profiles of various drugs and their removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants. The sewage epidemiology approach, used in the estimation of drug usage in communities, is discussed, and we make recommendations for future research in this area. AbstractNeuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The ‘sewage epidemiology’ approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended.

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