Dual red imaging: a novel endoscopic imaging technology visualizing thick blood vessels in the gastrointestinal wall

Abstract Background Dual red imaging (DRI), a novel image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) technology, has the potential to improve the visibility of blood vessels in deeper tissue using 600 nm and 630 nm wavelength lights in the red band. Aim To confirm the feasibility of DRI in visualization of vessels in deeper tissue and identify pathologically the features of blood vessels visualized by DRI. Methods Study 1: visibility of blood vessels was assessed by five observers in 137 pairs of DRI and white light imaging (WLI) images. The scores for the visibility of thick blood vessels were measured for randomized images and compared with the scoring template as a reference. The difference in visibility score between DRI and WLI was compared in each pair of images. Study 2: blood vessels detected only by DRI were examined pathologically using two pig stomachs. Results Study 1: The mean visibility scores of DRI and WLI for each observer were 1.69 – 2.26 and 1.31 – 1.67, respectively. The mean difference in visibility score and 95 % confidence interval for the five observers was 0.59 [0.46 – 0.72], 0.54 [0.40 – 0.68], 0.34 [0.18 – 0.49], 0.51 [0.36 – 0.66], and 0.71 [0.54 – 0.88]. The visibility was statistically significantly better in DRI than in WLI for all observers (P < 0.0001). Study 2: three blood vessels were observed only by DRI. All of these blood vessels were located at a depth of 1000 – 1500 µm from the mucosal surface. The diameter of these blood vessels exceeded 80 – 200 µm. Conclusions DRI can feasibly detect thick blood vessels in the deep mucosa or submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Blue Laser Imaging-Bright Improves Endoscopic Recognition of Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2016/6140854 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Akira Tomie ◽

Osamu Dohi ◽

Nobuaki Yagi ◽

Hiroaki Kitae ◽

Atsushi Majima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

White Light ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Blue Laser ◽

Laser Imaging ◽

Blue Laser Imaging ◽

The Mean ◽

White Light Imaging

Background/Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the endoscopic recognition of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using four different methods (Olympus white light imaging (O-WLI), Fujifilm white light imaging (F-WLI), narrow band imaging (NBI), and blue laser imaging- (BLI-) bright).Methods.We retrospectively analyzed 25 superficial ESCCs that had been examined using the four different methods. Subjective evaluation was provided by three endoscopists as a ranking score (RS) of each image based on the ease of detection of the cancerous area. For the objective evaluation we calculated the color difference scores (CDS) between the cancerous and noncancerous areas with each of the four methods.Results. There was no difference between the mean RS of O-WLI and F-WLI. The mean RS of NBI was significantly higher than that of O-WLI and that of BLI-bright was significantly higher than that of F-WLI. Moreover, the mean RS of BLI-bright was significantly higher than that of NBI. Furthermore, in the objective evaluation, the mean CDS of BLI-bright was significantly higher than that of O-WLI, F-WLI, and NBI.Conclusion. The recognition of superficial ESCC using BLI-bright was more efficacious than the other methods tested both subjectively and objectively.

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Mo1495 Dual Red Imaging; a New Endoscopic Imaging Technology for Clear Visualization of Thick Blood Vessels in Deeper Tissue and Bleeding Points

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.672 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 79 (5) ◽

pp. AB457-AB458

Author(s):

Joichiro Horii ◽

Toshio Uraoka ◽

Osamu Goto ◽

A.I. Fujimoto ◽

Yasutoshi Ochiai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Endoscopic Imaging ◽

Imaging Technology

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COMPARACION DEL PROMEDIO Y LA MEDIANA COMO ESTIMADORES DE LA MEDIA PARA MUESTRAS NORMALES DEPENDIENDO DEL TAMAÑO DE MUESTRA

Revista TECNIA ◽

10.21754/tecnia.v23i2.73 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

José W. Camero Jiménez ◽

Jahaziel G. Ponce Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Sample Size ◽

Normal Distribution ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Hypothesis Tests ◽

Sample Mean ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Actualmente los métodos para estimar la media son los basados en el intervalo de confianza del promedio o media muestral. Este trabajo pretende ayudar a escoger el estimador (promedio o mediana) a usar dependiendo del tamaño de muestra. Para esto se han generado, vía simulación en excel, muestras con distribución normal y sus intervalos de confianza para ambos estimadores, y mediante pruebas de hipótesis para la diferencia de proporciones se demostrará que método es mejor dependiendo del tamaño de muestra. Palabras clave.-Tamaño de muestra, Intervalo de confianza, Promedio, Mediana. ABSTRACTCurrently the methods for estimating the mean are those based on the confidence interval of the average or sample mean. This paper aims to help you choose the estimator (average or median) to use depending on the sample size. For this we have generated, via simulation in EXCEL, samples with normal distribution and confidence intervals for both estimators, and by hypothesis tests for the difference of proportions show that method is better depending on the sample size. Keywords.-Sampling size, Confidence interval, Average, Median.

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Platelet Dense Granule Deficiency is Associated with Menorrhagia.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.1327.1327 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 1327-1327

Author(s):

Josh Sham ◽

William T. Gunning ◽

Laura Braggins ◽

Ronald L. Sham ◽

Peter Kouides

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Coagulation Factor ◽

Dense Granule ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Abstract Abstract 1327 Poster Board I-349 Outpatient evaluation of hemostasis for women with menorrhagia and/or other bleeding symptoms can be unrevealing. A candidate etiology in some of these patients may be platelet (PL) dense granule (DG) deficiency, a heterogeneous bleeding diathesis characterized by variable abnormalities in platelet aggregation and decreased DG number and/or decreased DG volume by electron microscopy (EM) and image analysis. Objective To determine the correlation between menorrhagia and the number and volume of platelet DGs in a cohort of women participating in a multi-center menorrhagia treatment study (British J Haem 145(2):212-220, 2009). Patients and Methods The diagnosis of menorrhagia was determined using a semi-objective pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) necessitating a score of >100. The menorrhagia patients were compared to control subjects, evaluated as paired subjects on the same day. A total of 29 pairs were studied. Patients were eligible only if gynecological exam was normal. All patients were tested for other underlying hemostatic defects. Hemostatic disorders included: a platelet function disorder in 7/29 (24%), a coagulation factor deficiency 2/29 (7%) and von Willebrand disease 1/29 (3%). Results The mean age of the menorrhagia group was 35 ± 6.07 years. These patients had an average PBAC score of 454 ± 302.6 Patients were found to have a mean of 2.910 ± 1.207 DG/PL compared to 4.617 ± 1.13 DG/PL for the control group (p-value <0.001 by t test). The mean difference between the two groups was found to be 1.707, and the 95% confidence interval on the difference was found to be [1.096, 2.318]. DG volume was also determined using image analysis. The mean volume for the menorrhagia group was found to be 5.93 ± 3.68 × 106 fL. The mean volume for the control group was 10.04 ± 3.31 × 106 fL (p-value <0.001 by t test). The difference between the two values was found to be 4.11 with a 95% confidence interval on the difference of [2.266, 5.947]. Conclusions Patients with menorrhagia with and without other hemostatic defects, had fewer platelet DGs than the control group. In addition, the aggregate DG volume/PL was significantly reduced in menorrhagia patients compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the menorrhagia experienced by some women is associated with platelet DG deficiency. Further study is needed in determining the significance of these findings. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Understanding the Difference Between Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean, and Knowing When to Use Which

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1177/0253717620933419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 409-410

Author(s):

Chittaranjan Andrade

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Standard Error ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Sample Mean ◽

Population Mean ◽

Sample Data ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Many authors are unsure of whether to present the mean along with the standard deviation (SD) or along with the standard error of the mean (SEM). The SD is a descriptive statistic that estimates the scatter of values around the sample mean; hence, the SD describes the sample. In contrast, the SEM is an estimate of how close the sample mean is to the population mean; it is an intermediate term in the calculation of the 95% confidence interval around the mean, and (where applicable) statistical significance; the SEM does not describe the sample. Therefore, the mean should always be accompanied by the SD when describing the sample. There are many reasons why the SEM continues to be reported, and it is argued that none of these is justifiable. In fact, presentation of SEMs may mislead readers into believing that the sample data are more precise than they actually are. Given that the standard error is not presented for other parameters, such as difference between means or proportions, and difference between proportions, it is suggested that presentation of SEM values can be done away with, altogether.

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The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/2019_lshss-voia-18-0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 562-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dawna Duff

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Reading Comprehension ◽

Text Comprehension ◽

Classroom Instruction ◽

Vocabulary Instruction ◽

Clinical Intervention ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

Vocabulary Intervention ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

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Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

TAJ Journal of Teachers Association ◽

10.3329/taj.v33i1.49824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

Mohsena Akhter ◽

Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽

Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽

Mahfuza Akhter ◽

Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Diseases ◽

Close Contact ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Common Skin ◽

Group A ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

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EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0750647 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 647-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. Rannevik ◽

J. Thorell

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Initial Response ◽

Releasing Hormone ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

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