Cranioplasty for the Relief of Chronic Pain: 70 Years after the Debridement of the War-Penetrating Craniocerebral Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 043-045
Author(s):  
Aleksić Vuk ◽  
Spaić Milan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Female Patient ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Craniocerebral Injury ◽  
World War ◽  
Cranial Defect ◽  
Bony Ridge ◽  
Morphologic Changes ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe report the case of a 75-year-old female patient who underwent primary debridement of the penetrating craniocerebral injury at the age of 5 years. The injury was caused by the explosive shrapnel wound in the parietal right-side region because of an air raid in Yugoslavia in 1944 during World War II (WWII) combat. The scull defect that remained was not repaired. The patient developed the severe allodinic pain syndrome in the skin over the cranial defect, 70 years after the surgery. The skin over the cranial defect was infolded inside the skull and stretched over the bony ridge. The pain was relieved by cranioplasty that restored the cranial vault and reversed the infolding skin over the craniectomy defect. The mechanism of the pain and its relation with the morphologic changes of the primary craniectomy and brain debridement over time are discussed.

The Royal Society, its Fellows and industrial R&D in the mid twentieth century

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally M. Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New Products ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Commentators and politicians have frequently argued that the performance of the British economy could be significantly improved by paying more attention to the translation of the results of scientific research into new products and processes. They have frequently suggested that deficiencies in achieving this are part of a long-standing national malaise and regularly point to a few well-worn examples to support their contention. What are conspicuous by their absence from these debates are detailed and contextual studies that actually examine the nature of the interactions between scientists and industry and how these changed over time. This paper provides one such study by examining three aspects of the relationship between the Royal Society, its Fellows and industrial R&D during the mid twentieth century. It looks first at the enthusiasm for industrial research to be found across the political spectrum after World War II before examining the election as Fellows of the Royal Society of men who worked in industry at the time of their election. Finally it considers the extent to which industrial R&D was incorporated into the way in which the Royal Society presented itself to the outside world through its Conversazione. Despite the absence of formal structures to translate the results of the work of scientists employed in other institutional contexts to industry, there is much evidence to indicate that there were plenty of other opportunities for the exchange of information to take place.

Do Ruling Elites Degenerate? American and British Elites Through Pareto’s Lens

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Higley ◽  
Jan Pakulski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Degenerative Process ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Using Machiavelli’s metaphors, Vilfredo Pareto theorized that over time psychosocial propensities of ruling elites – manifested by predominant personality traits, mentalities, beliefs, and actions – are those of “foxes” or “lions”. Either propensity renders a ruling elite, especially its leaders, prone to bias, closure, and cumulating blunders. This degenerative process leads to a severe economic-political crisis and wide elite circulation, during which groups and persons disposed toward the opposite propensity gain power. Pareto’s theory has much intuitive appeal, but its breadth and elasticity, together with the empirically elusive qualities of elites, risk tendentious applications. Taking this risk, we examine what through Pareto’s lens appear to be cycles of circulation and degeneration among American and British elites since shortly after World War II.

scholarly journals “The mill whistle was blowing and the Germans were coming”

Ethnologies ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
Janice Tulk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
World War ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Local Newspaper ◽  
Daily Frequency ◽  
Over Time

In summer 2007, while conducting maintenance on the mill’s structure, the Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Mill silenced the whistle that had been part of the local “soundscape” (Schafer 1977) for more than eighty years. When the whistle did not return immediately, public outcry was voiced in the local newspaper over the loss of part of the city’s heritage. Its return in December 2007 at half the previous daily frequency provided the impetus for a collection project. While the mill whistle is an important tool that marks the passage of time, regulates the movement of bodies, and signals trouble at the mill (such as a fire), its significance to the community extends beyond the utilitarian. It plays a role in memorialization (sounding on Remembrance Day) and celebration (marking, for example, the end of WWII), and has become a familiar icon for local song-writers and authors alike. This article provides an overview of “The Mill Whistle Project” designed to document the mill whistle in Corner Brook, describes the historic functions of the mill whistle, and identifies alternative uses of the whistle over time. It then interrogates the whistle’s relationship to World War II and Remembrance Day, demonstrating its extension as a community-wide notification system, its mobilization as a means of celebration, and its continuing role in memorialisation.

Steht auf, wenn ihr Deutsche seid!

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Strulik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
World War ◽  
World Cup ◽  
The World ◽  
Assurance Game ◽  
Informational Cascade ◽  
Over Time

SummaryDuring the World Cup 2006 Germany experienced a surge of revealed patriotism unseen so far after World War II. How can this unexpected and spontaneous change of social behavior be explained given that preferences (for patriotism) are stable over time? This essay introduces and discusses three possible explanations: (i) patriotism as assurance game, (ii) patriotism as informational cascade, and (iii) patriotism as equilibrium in the threshold model of collective behavior.

Considerations Regarding the Valence and Diversity of Operations Research Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Alexandru Hampu
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
World War ◽  
Optimal Variant ◽  
Decision Optimization ◽  
Future Paper ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOperations research(OR), also called decision optimization science, is the one that provides mathematical models meant to lead to finding the optimal variant in an economic, military, social, political, etc. type of activity. These are methods with a major potential, highlighted since the emergence of the models used in World War II actions and later in various other fields, especially in western countries. This paper aims to highlight the benefits of using OR techniques over time and especially to highlight its applicability. In this paper we summarize the presentation of the evolution and contributions of Operational Research in various fields until the ‘60s, a future paper will deal with the time frame 1960-2020.

scholarly journals From Contract to Status: A Comment on Nico Krisch’s The Decay of Consent

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Tom Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Formal Equality ◽  
Over Time

In the mid-nineteenth century, the great anthropologist Henry Sumner Maine observed that legal systems tended to move over time from “status to contract” by which he meant that rights and duties were increasingly determined by consent rather than social or demographic factors. Maine’s thesis might have been applied to international law during the long era of high positivism, in which consent became the dominant principle after the Peace of Westphalia. Formal equality of states meant that formal treaties—”contract”—were the main mode of interaction. Even in the post-World War II era, consent played a major role, in part because the Security Council—the chief vehicle for legal exercise of “status”—was anemic. International organizations served as vehicles for the development of multilateral treaties of increasing scope and depth. Status and power were hidden rather than acknowledged elements of the system.

scholarly journals Through the Looking Glass: Kraftwerk’s Influence on Music Technology & German Cultural Identity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Shannon ◽  
Kyle J. Messick
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Music Technology ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
German Identity ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Over Time

Although the band Kraftwerk have been extensively noted for their pioneering musical style, what has been given less attention is their broader cultural impact, how they served as a source for German identity in a time of crisis, and the conditions under which their music was formed and changed over time. This article examines their influence through the sense of cultural identity Kraftwerk provided for Germanic peoples post-World War II, their fundamental influence on future musical acts that would incorporate electronics into their music, their innovation in their creation of new musical instruments/technologies, and the application of those instruments in novel performance and recording settings.

The World

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-151
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Rudel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
World War ◽  
Focusing Events ◽  
The World ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Focusing Event ◽  
Over Time

Comparable environmental reforms have never occurred at the global scale of governance. Segments of the dynamic described in the four case studies have taken place at the global scale. A focusing event, World War II, spurred the creation of a global governance institution, the United Nations, which later became the organizational sponsor for the ongoing international effort to counter climate change. Different kinds of focusing events, extreme weather in the form of droughts or storms, have over time contributed to an increase in the number of nations advocating for radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These changes suggest that, over time, an international “climate club” could emerge. These trends, while fragmentary and so far unsuccessful in producing mandatory global-scale reforms, are consistent with the theoretical dynamic that has driven the national-scale reforms analyzed in the case studies.

The Oil Strategies of Nazi Germany

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-114
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Kelanic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyzes four cases that span the Nazi era in Germany. From the beginning of the Nazi regime in March of 1933 until its defeat in April of 1945, the chapter identifies three major turning points: (1) Adolf Hitler's announcement of the Four-Year Plan in September of 1936; (2) the imposition of an Anglo-French naval blockade against Germany on September 3, 1939; and (3) the shift from blitzkrieg to attrition warfare against the Soviet Union in December of 1941. This divides the case into four distinct periods: March 1933 to August 1936; September 1936 until September 3, 1939; September 4, 1939, until the end of December 1941; and January 1942 through the end of the war in April 1945. Hitler's anticipatory strategies changed over time, in tandem with his country's coercive vulnerability, intensifying from self-sufficiency before World War II to indirect control at the war's start to, finally, direct control after Operation Barbarossa failed to speedily defeat the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). One would expect that Hitler, as the most expansionist leader of the twentieth century, would engage in conquest to get oil; yet primarily, he sought oil security through less extreme measures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document