3D kinematics of the interphalangeal joints in the forelimb of walking and trotting horses

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 01-07 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Sha ◽  
J. A. Stick ◽  
P. Robinson ◽  
H. M. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Middle Phalanx ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Pip Joint ◽  
The Right

SummaryThe objective was to measure 3D rotations of the distal (DIP) and proximal (PIP) interphalangeal joints at walk and trot. 3D trajectories of markers fixed to the proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and the hoof wall of the right forelimb of four sound horses were recorded at 120 Hz. Joint kinematics were calculated in terms of anatomically-based joint coordinate systems between the bone segments. Ranges of motion were similar at walk and trot. Values for the DIP joint were: flexion/extension: 46 ± 3° at walk, 47 ± 4° at trot; internal/ external rotation: 5 ± 1° at walk, 6 ± 3° at trot; and adduction/abduction: 5 ± 2° at walk, 5 ± 3° at trot. Within each gait, kinematic profiles at the DIP joint were similar between horses with the exception of adduction/abduction during breakover, which may vary depending on the direction of hoof rotation over the toe. Knowledge of the types and amounts of motion at the DIP joint will be useful in understanding the aetiology and treatment of injuries to the soft tissues, which are being recognized more frequently through the use of sensitive imaging techniques. Ranges of motion for the PIP joint were: flexion/extension: 13 ± 4° at walk, 14 ± 4° at trot; adduction/abduction: 3 ± 1° at walk, 3 ± 1° at trot; and internal/external rotation: 3 ± 1° at walk, 4 ± 1° at trot. The PIP joint made a significant contribution to flexion/extension of the digit. During surgical arthrodesis, the angle of fusion may be important since loss of PIP joint extension in late stance is likely to be accommodated by increased extension of the DIP joint.

3D kinematics of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint at walk and trot

2007 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sha ◽  
J. Stick ◽  
N. Elvin ◽  
H. M. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Metacarpophalangeal Joint ◽  
Phase Extension ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Right ◽  
Value Decomposition

SummaryThe metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and its supporting soft tissues are common sites of injury in athletic horses. Equine gait analysis has focused on 2D analysis in the sagittal plane and little information is available which describes 3D motions of the MCP joint and their possible role in the development of injuries. The aim was to characterize the 3D rotations of the equine MCP joint during walking and trotting. Three-dimensional trajectories of marker triads fixed rigidly to the third metacarpus and proximal phalanx of the right forelimb of healthy horses were recorded at walk (n=4) and trot (n=6) at 120 Hz using eight infra-red cameras. Kinematics of the MCP joint were calculated in terms of helical angles between the two segments using singular-value decomposition and spatial attitude methods. The ranges of motion were: flexion/extension: 62 ± 7° at walk, 77 ± 5° at trot; adduction/abduction: 13 ± 7° at walk, 18 ± 7° at trot; and axial rotation: 6 ± 3° at walk, 9 ± 5° at trot. Flexion/extension had a consistent pattern and amplitude in all horses and appeared to be coupled with adduction/abduction, such that stance phase extension was accompanied by abduction and swing phase flexion was accompanied by adduction. Axial rotation was small in amount and the direction varied between horses but was consistent within an individual for the two gaits.

Anatomical Basis for Arthroscopy of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Okamoto ◽  
Isato Sekiya ◽  
Jun Mizutani ◽  
Nobuyuki Watanabe ◽  
Takanobu Otsuka
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Lateral Band ◽  
Dorsal Edge ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Pip Joint ◽  
The Right

Background: Arthroscopy is a widely used minimally invasive technique. Nevertheless, no report describes the arthroscopic anatomy of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint for portal creation. To facilitate arthroscopy, this study elucidated the anatomy of the lateral bands of the extensor mechanism and collateral ligaments of PIP joints. Methods: A total of 39 fingers from the right hands of 10 cadavers (4 males, 6 females) were evaluated in this study. We defined the extension line from the proximal interphalangeal volar crease as the C-line. We also defined an imaginary line along the distal edge of the proximal phalanx, which is parallel to the C-line, as the J-line. The distance between J-line and C-line was measured. On the C-line and J-line, we measured the following: from the dorsal skin to the lateral edge of the lateral band (LB), the dorsal edge of the collateral ligament (CL) and from the lateral band and the collateral ligament (D), the width of the finger (W). The finger half-width (M) was measured on the J-line. Comparison between the digits and comparison between radial and ulnar distance were measured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: All PIP joint spaces were distal from the C-line, except for one ring finger. The average distances between the J-line and C-line were 1.8–3.2 mm. On the C-line, only 11 cases (14.1%) showed an interval between the lateral bands and the collateral ligaments, but, on the J-line 72, cases (92.3%) had such an interval. The interval was located 1.6–2.9 mm in a dorsal direction from the midlateral on the J-line. Conclusions: Portal creation at the J-line is safer than at the C-line. This study revealed that safe portals for arthroscopy of the PIP joint are 2 mm dorsal to the midlateral line of the finger on the J-line.

Internal Derangement of the Hip

2019 ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
Imran M. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Internal Derangement ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Contrast Resolution ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Synovial Tissues ◽  
Supporting Structures

Chapter 107 discusses the hip and its component tissues, including the bones, labrum, synovial tissues, muscles, and tendons, and covers the MRI appearances of many of the most common pathologies that occur in and around the hip joint. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint consisting of the femoral head and the cup-shaped acetabulum. Because of its shape, the hip allows multi-axial movements, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation. A number of supporting structures, including the acetabular labrum and joint capsule, surrounding muscles and tendons, and bursae, help stabilize the hip and allow for a smooth range of motion. Injuries to any of these structures can result in hip pain and loss of function. MRI has become the test of choice to assess hip internal derangement because of its superior assessment of soft tissues and bone marrow and its contrast resolution, which improves conspicuity of pathologic conditions.

scholarly journals Can the Open Stance Forehand Increase the Risk of Hip Injuries in Tennis Players?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596712096629
Author(s):  
Caroline Martin ◽  
Anthony Sorel ◽  
Pierre Touzard ◽  
Benoit Bideau ◽  
Ronan Gaborit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Joint ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Hip Injuries ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
Hip Kinematics ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hip Flexion

Background: The open stance forehand has been hypothesized by tennis experts (coaches, scientists, and clinicians) to be more traumatic than the neutral stance forehand as regards hip injuries in tennis. However, the influence of the forehand stance (open or neutral) on hip kinematics and loading has not been assessed. Purpose: To compare the kinematics and kinetics at the hip joint during 3 common forehand stances (attacking neutral stance [ANS], attacking open stance [AOS], defensive open stance [DOS]) in advanced tennis players to determine whether the open stance forehand induces higher hip loading. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The ANS, AOS, and DOS forehand strokes of 8 advanced right-handed tennis players were recorded with an optoelectronic motion capture system. The flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and external-internal rotation angles as well as intersegmental forces and torques of the right hip were calculated using inverse dynamics. Results: The DOS demonstrated significantly higher values than both the ANS and AOS for anterior ( P < .001), medial ( P < .001), and distractive ( P < .001) forces as well as extension ( P = .004), abduction ( P < .001), and external rotation ( P < .001) torques. The AOS showed higher distractive forces than the ANS ( P = .048). The DOS showed more extreme angles of hip flexion ( P < .001), abduction ( P < .001), and external rotation ( P = .010). Conclusion: The findings of this study imply that the DOS increased hip joint angles and loading, thus potentially increasing the risk of hip overuse injuries. The DOS-induced hip motion could put players at a higher risk of posterior-superior hip impingement compared with the ANS and AOS. Clinical Relevance: Coaches and clinicians with players who have experienced hip pain or sustained injuries should encourage them to use a more neutral stance and develop a more aggressive playing style to avoid the DOS, during which hip motion and loading are more extreme.

scholarly journals The immediate effect of ipsilateral and contralateral sacroiliac joint manipulation on the hip range of motion and kicking velocity in soccer players

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zia ul Mustafa Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Sacroiliac Joint ◽  
Ordinal Data ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Hip Range Of Motion ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Right

Background There is a close biomechanical relationship that exists between the sacroiliac and hip joints. It is essential to have optimum hip range of motion originating from the pelvis in both the kicking and support limbs as both limbs play a role in achieving a high speed kicking velocity. Due to the strenuous activity of soccer players, both hip ranges of motion may be decreased, thus predisposing the player to injuries. This may also affect the kicking velocity. The effects of sacroiliac joint manipulation on hip range of motion and kicking velocity were investigated. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ipsilateral sacroiliac joint manipulation versus contralateral sacroiliac joint manipulation on bilateral hip range of motion and kicking velocity. Methods There were three groups of twenty soccer players. The ipsilateral sacroiliac joint manipulation group, the contralateral sacroiliac joint manipulation group, and the sham laser intervention group. The case history, physical, regional, lumbar and hip exams were done in the Chiropractic Day Clinic. The hip ranges of motion were measured pre- and post- Chiropractic manipulation in all three groups on both limbs in the Fred Crookes Sports Centre (Durban University of Technology). Hip ranges of motion were measured by the Saunders (The Saunders Group, Chaska, MN) digital inclinometer. The kicking velocity of all players were measured pre- and post- manipulation by a speed sport radar gun (Bushnell Speedster Speed Gun; Bushnell Inc, Lenexa, KS). This was a purposive, investigational study trial where the data was reduced and analysed with the help of a statistician, using the statistical software SPSS version 20.0.The statistical aspect of the research encompassed the following: descriptive statistics used Fischer values, Eta tests, frequency, cross-tabulation tables and various types of graphs (bar charts, scatter graphs etc.); Inferential statistics used Pearson’s and/or Spearman’s correlations at a significance level of 0.05; testing of hypotheses used chi-square tests for nominal data and ordinal data at a level of significance of 0.05. Results The ipsilateral group showed statistically significant results for the right hip in flexion, extension, internal rotation and external rotation, as well as for extension, internal rotation and external rotation in the left hip. The contralateral group showed statistically significant results for the right hip in extension, internal rotation and external rotation, as well as for extension and internal rotation in the left hip. There was a statistically significant improvement in the kicking velocity of the ipsilateral and contralateral group after treatment. There was a strong association between the perception changes to the actual kicking velocity in the soccer players. There was a correlation between the change in hip range of motion and change in kicking velocity, however statistically it was not significant. Conclusion The manipulation of ipsilateral or contralateral sacroiliac joint has an effect on the right and left hip range of motion

Pin Insertion to the Interosseous Hood Minimize the Finger Motion Restriction for the Proximal Phalangeal Percutaneous Fixation: A Cadaveric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Akira Ikumi ◽  
Toshikazu Tanaka ◽  
Yusuke Matsuura ◽  
Kazuki Kuniyoshi ◽  
Takane Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Insertion Point ◽  
Lateral Band ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pip Joint ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Joint Flexion ◽  
Finger Motion

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal pin insertion point to minimize finger motion restriction for proximal phalangeal fixation in cadaver models. Methods: We used 16 fingers from three fresh-frozen cadavers (age, 82–86 years). Each finger was dissected at the level of the carpometacarpal joint and fixated to a custom-built range of motion (ROM)-measuring apparatus after skin removal. The pin was inserted into the bone through four gliding soft tissues: the interosseous hood, dorsal capsule, lateral band, and sagittal band. Then, each tendon was pulled by a prescribed weight in three finger positions (flexion, extension, and intrinsic plus position). Changes in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and distal interphalangeal (DIP) angles were measured before and after pinning. We compared the differences between the insertion points using the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. Results: Placement of pins into the sagittal band significantly restricted MCP joint flexion, while placement into the dorsal capsule and lateral band significantly restricted PIP joint flexion. Only placement into the interosseous hood showed no significant difference in joint angles between the three finger positions compared to pre-pin insertion. There were no significant effects on MCP, PIP, and DIP joint extension. Conclusions: The ROM of the MCP joint was obstructed due to pinning in most areas of insertion. However, pin insertion to the interosseous hood did not obstruct the finger flexion ROM compared to that of other gliding soft tissues; therefore, we believe that the interosseous hood may be a suitable pin insertion point for proximal phalangeal fixation.

Free Vascularized Joint Transfer from Toes for Finger Reconstruction in a 2-Year-Old Child with Good Functional Recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoshid R. Balan
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Soft Tissue Reconstruction ◽  
Middle Phalanx ◽  
Pip Joint ◽  
Tissue Reconstruction ◽  
Distal Interphalangeal ◽  
The Right

AbstractA 2-year-old male child sustained injury to middle and ring fingers of the right hand following a road traffic accident. He had mutilated fingers with loss of middle phalanx along with proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, distal interphalangeal joint of middle finger, and loss of part of middle phalanx and PIP joint of the ring finger. There was dorsal tissue loss of both the fingers. With staged reconstructive strategy, we could salvage the fingers. In the initial part, the soft tissue reconstruction was done using pedicled groin flap. In the later stage, free PIP joint transfer from the second toes of both feet was used to reconstruct the bone and PIP joint of the ring and middle finger. A year following the joint transfer, the child had good functional outcome.

The anatomy and function of Cleland’s ligaments

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Zwanenburg ◽  
P. M. N. Werker ◽  
D. A. McGrouther
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Extensor Tendon ◽  
Tendon Sheath ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Middle Phalanx ◽  
John Cleland ◽  
Pip Joint ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

The cutaneous ligaments of the digits have been recognized by anatomists for several centuries, but the best known description is that of John Cleland. Subsequent varying descriptions of their morphology have resulted in the surgical community having an imprecise view of their structure and dynamic function. We micro-dissected 24 fresh frozen fingers to analyze the individual components of Cleland’s ligamentous system. Arising from the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, proximal, and sometimes middle phalanx, we found strong ligaments that ran proximally (PIP-P) and distally (PIP-D). On each side of each finger there was a PIP-P ligament present, which passed obliquely from the lateral side of the proximal and sometimes middle phalanx towards its insertion into the skin at the level of the proximal phalanx. The distal (PIP-D) ligaments were found to pass obliquely distally on the radial and ulnar aspects of the digit towards cutaneous insertions around the middle phalanx. A similar arrangement exists more distally with fibres originating from the DIP joint and middle phalanx (the DIP-P pass obliquely proximally, and the DIP-D, distally). Each individual PIP ligament consisted of three different layers originating from fibres overlying the flexor tendon sheath, periosteum or joint capsule, and extensor expansion. Ligaments arising at the DIP joint had two layers equivalent to the anterior two layers of the proximal ligaments. Cleland’s ligaments act as skin anchors maintaining the skin in a fixed relationship to the underlying skeleton during motion and functional tasks. They also prevent the skin from ‘bagging’, protect the neurovascular bundle, and create a gliding path for the lateral slips of the extensor tendon.

scholarly journals Parachordoma of Soft Tissues of the Arm: A Very Rare Tumour

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Vicente Estrems Díaz ◽  
Francesc Xavier Bertó Martí ◽  
Víctor Zarzuela Sánchez ◽  
Maria Isabel Cabanes Ferrer ◽  
Antonio Bru Pomer
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Benign Lesion ◽  
Rare Tumour ◽  
Fourth Decade ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Painless Mass ◽  
The Right ◽  
Slow Growing

Parachordoma is an infrequent neoplasm that bears some histologic resemblance to chordoma. It affects both sexes, occurs typically during the fourth decade of life, and tends to present as a slow-growing painless mass at the level of the soft tissues of the extremities. Diagnosis should be based on immunohistochemical and cytogenetic studies, as the findings of imaging techniques are often unspecific. Although it is considered a benign lesion, its behavior tends to be locally aggressive, with reports of a recurrence rate of up to 20% and of several cases of metastasis. Fewer than 60 cases have been published in the English-speaking literature. In this paper we present the case of a 32-year-old male with a two-year history of parachordoma in the right wrist.

The Effects of Femoral Fixed Body Coordinate System Definition on Knee Kinematic Description

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel M. Lenz ◽  
Amitkumar Mane ◽  
Lorin P. Maletsky ◽  
Nicholas A. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Knee Kinematic ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Knee Simulator ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Understanding the differences in knee kinematic descriptions is important for comparing data from different laboratories and observing small but important changes within a set of knees. The purpose of this study was to identify how differences in fixed body femoral coordinate systems affect the described tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics for cadaveric knee studies with no hip present. Different methods for describing kinematics were evaluated on a set of seven cadaveric knees during walking in a dynamic knee simulator. Three anatomical landmark coordinate systems, a partial helical axis, and an experimental setup-based system were examined. The results showed that flexion-extension was insensitive to differences in the kinematic systems tested, internal-external rotation was similar for most femoral coordinate systems although there were changes in absolute position, varus-valgus was the most sensitive to variations in flexion axis direction, and anterior-posterior motion was most sensitive to femoral origin location. Femoral coordinate systems that define the sagittal plane using anatomical landmarks and locate the flexion axis perpendicular to the femur’s mechanical axis in the frontal plane were typically similar and described kinematics most consistently.

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