Variations in the Morphology of Human Lungs and its Clinical Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Suja Mary Jacob ◽  
Vaibhav Venniyoor ◽  
Minnie Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Pulmonary Surgery ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oblique Fissure

Objective To observe variations in the fissures, in the lobes, and in the hilar pattern of lungs and correlate these findings with clinical implications. Materials and Methods The present study was performed on random lung specimens available in the Department of Anatomy. A total of 96 lungs (47 right and 49 left) were studied for variations in the fissures and lobes, and 92 lungs (45 right and 47 left) for variations in the hilar pattern. Results Among the right-sided lungs, 70% presented incomplete horizontal fissure, 15% with absence of the horizontal fissure, and 51% with incomplete oblique fissure. Accessory fissures were also seen, but incomplete, and accounted for 17% of the total number of right lungs.Among the left-sided lungs, 62% presented incomplete oblique fissures, and 4% with absence of the oblique fissure. Accessory fissures accounted for 6% of the total number of left lungs.Regarding hilar pattern variations, 11% of the right-sided lungs showed > 2 bronchi, 69% showed > 2 pulmonary veins, and 37% showed > 1 pulmonary artery.Among the left-sided lungs, 57% showed > 1 bronchi, 21% showed > 2 pulmonary veins, and 17% showed > 1 pulmonary artery. Conclusion The field of pulmonary surgery is now highly advanced, with well-developed radiological and endoscopic techniques. Hence, a proper understanding and knowledge of these morphological variations of lung fissures and of the hilar pattern would be advantageous for surgeons, as well as for radiologists.

scholarly journals A Study on Morphological Variations of Fissures and Lobes of Human Lungs with its Clinical Significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Dil Islam Mansur ◽  
Nabin Bista ◽  
Pragya Shrestha ◽  
Sunima Maskey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oblique Fissure ◽  
Accessory Fissure

Background: Fissures of lungs facilitate the movement of lobes which helps in expansion of lungs during breathing.  The fissures may be complete, incomplete or absence. Sometime the accessory fissures may also present. Awareness of variations is essential during segmental resections as well as during radiological interpretation of lungs. Hence, the present study was aimed to study the morphological variations in fissures and lobes. Material and Methods: This study was consisted of sixty nine human lungs with irrespective of sex which were available in the department of anatomy of various medical colleges. All lung specimens were carefully observed and recorded for the presence of any variations in fissures and lobes. Results: The present study revealed that the absence of horizontal fissure was observed in 7.89%, while no specimen showed absence of oblique fissure on both sides. 35.48% of left lungs had incomplete oblique fissure compared to 28.95% of the right lungs. In addition, 22.58% of right lungs and 23.68% of left lungs showed presence of accessory fissure and lobes. From above, the incomplete and absent horizontal fissure was the most common abnormalities observed in this study. The accessory fissures were more common in lower lobe of right lung whereas in left lungs it was more common in upper lobe. Conclusion: The present study showed the wide range of variations in fissures and lobes of lungs. The knowledge of variations in morphology of lungs would be helpful for clinical diagnosis and pulmonary surgical procedures.

A method to study pulmonary vascular response in the conscious newborn piglet

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Coe ◽  
P. M. Olley ◽  
F. Hamilton ◽  
T. Vanhelder ◽  
F. Coceani
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Newborn Piglet ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neck Vessels ◽  
Chronic Cannulation ◽  
Right Atria

New methods for chronic instrumentation of the newborn piglet are described, which allow continuous monitoring of not only pressures in the pulmonary artery and aorta but also in the left and right atria, pulmonary vein, as well as main branch pulmonary artery flows. Changes in pulmonary vascular tone to short-acting vasoactive agents can be recognized by redistribution of flow between lungs and localized to the precapillary vessels or pulmonary veins. Furthermore, vasoactive response in small pulmonary veins may be investigated as well as selective metabolic studies across the right lung. Methods are also described for the chronic cannulation of the neck vessels permitting repeated introduction of catheters on separate study days in the conscious piglet. The pulmonary circulation of the piglet constricts briskly to moderate hypoxemia ([Formula: see text], 1 Torr = 133.32 Pa) with little change in cardiac output or systemic resistance. The piglet demonstrated responses to dilator and constrictor prostaglandins generally similar to the lambs and other species. None of these agents significantly affect pulmonary venous tone.

The Role of Human Lungs in the Biotransformation of Propofol

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej L. Dawidowicz ◽  
Emilia Fornal ◽  
Marek Mardarowicz ◽  
Anna Fijalkowska
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Radial Artery ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mixture Fraction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Right

Background The metabolism of propofol is very rapid, and its transformation takes place mainly in the liver. There are reports indicating extrahepatic metabolism of the drug, and the alimentary canal, kidneys, and lungs are mentioned as the most probable places where the process occurs. The aim of this study was to determine whether the human lungs really take part in the process of propofol biotransformation. Methods Blood samples were taken from 55 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1-3 scheduled for elective intracranial procedures (n = 47) or for pulmonectomy (n = 8). All patients were premedicated with diazepam (10 mg) administered orally 2 h before anesthesia. Propofol total intravenous anesthesia was performed at the following infusion rates: 12 mg. kg-1. h-1, 9 mg. kg-1. h-1, and 6 mg. kg-1. h-1. Fentanyl and pancuronium bromide were also administered intermittently. After tracheal intubation, the lungs were ventilated to normocapnia with an oxygen-air mixture (fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.33). Blood samples for propofol and 2,6-diisopropyl-1, 4-quinol analysis were taken simultaneously from the right atrium and the radial artery, or the pulmonary artery and the radial artery. The concentration of both substances were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results The concentration of propofol in the central venous system (right atrium or pulmonary artery) is greater than in the radial artery, whereas the opposite is observed for propofol's metabolite, 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol. Higher propofol concentrations are found in blood taken from the pulmonary artery than in the blood collected from the radial artery. Conclusions Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the drug into 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol.

scholarly journals An aberrant mediastinal mediobasal segmental pulmonary artery in a patient with lung cancer undergoing right lower lobectomy: a case report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Komori ◽  
Hiroshi Hashimoto ◽  
Kotaro Yoshikawa ◽  
Koji Kameda ◽  
Shinichi Taguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Ct Angiography ◽  
Multidetector Ct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Lower Lobectomy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Lower Lobectomy

Abstract Background A mediastinal mediobasal segmental pulmonary artery (A7) from the right main pulmonary artery is extremely rare. Case presentation: We have reported a case of a 71-year-old woman with aberrant A7 who underwent right lower lobectomy for lung cancer (cT1bN0M0, stage IA2). Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed an aberrant mediastinal A7 from the right main pulmonary artery. Right lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed. Intraoperatively, A7 was observed between the superior and inferior pulmonary veins, and at the front of the lower bronchus near the anterior hilum. The artery was carefully dissected from the caudal side after dissection of the inferior pulmonary vein. Then, the lung parenchyma, which was within the fissure due to poor lobulation between the middle and lower lobes, was safely divided. Conclusions Thoracic surgeons need to evaluate CT angiography or enhanced multidetector CT carefully at preoperative conferences and always keep this anomaly in mind.

scholarly journals Bilobed right lung: a case of absent horizontal fissure

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Ankita Chauhan ◽  
Suman Yadav ◽  
Nitin Patiyal
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Human Cadaver ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Anatomical Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Oblique Fissure

The human lungs are organs of respiration present in the greater part of thoracic cavity on each side of heart in the mediastinum resting on diaphragm. The right lung is classically divided into three lobes namely superior, middle and inferior by the oblique and horizontal fissures. The left lung is divided into superior and inferior lobes by a single deep oblique fissure. The fissures help in expansion of lungs during respiration. During the routine dissection of thoracic region of human cadaver, bilobed right lung with absent horizontal fissure was observed. The right lung was divided into superior and inferior lobe by a single oblique fissure. The left lung had normal anatomy in this case. The variations in the fissures and lobar pattern of lungs are common and are due to altered developmental process during intrauterine life. The anatomical knowledge of these disparities in fissures is important for clinicians prior to performing any pulmonary surgical procedures and to prevent postoperative complications. 

scholarly journals Cadaveric Study of Lung Anatomy: A Surgical Overview

2018 ◽  
pp. e000149
Author(s):  
Arthi Ganapathy ◽  
Rati Tandon ◽  
Monica Baxla ◽  
Saroj Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Vein ◽  
Intraoperative Complications ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Lung Anatomy ◽  
Oblique Fissure ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Background: Thorough knowledge of variations in lung anatomy is of prime significance during surgical procedures of lungs. Arrangement of structures in lung hilum act as a guide in performing such procedures. Normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures in right lung is eparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus and pulmonary veins from above downwards. In left lung it is pulmonary artery, principal bronchus and pulmonary vein from above downwards. Arrangement of hilar structures from anterior to posterior in both lungs is pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and principal bronchus. Aim: To report variations in hilar anatomy (arrangement and number) of lungs. Methods and Material: 75 adult formalin fixed cadaveric lungs from department of Anatomy AIIMS New Delhi were observed for variations in lobar anatomy. Arrangement of pulmonary hilar structures observed and variations recorded. Results: Among 75 adult lung specimens observed, 36 were right and rest left lung. Normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures was seen in 22 right and 23 left lungs. Rest of the lung specimens (14 Right and 16 Left) showed variations in hilar anatomy. Some of them showed alterations in sequence of arrangement of pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchus and others in number of these structures. Seven right lung specimens showed only 2 lobes with an oblique fissure dividing them and one left lung showed 3 lobes. Conclusion: Alterations in pattern of arrangement of structures in lung hilum are quite frequent. A compromise in knowledge of such variations will result in inadvertent intraoperative complications.

scholarly journals Dextrocardia with situs solitus and inversion apex-basis axis in lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla): case report

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
V.L.C. Pinheiro ◽  
L.C. Pereira ◽  
A.R. Lima ◽  
E. Branco
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Cardiac Anomaly ◽  
Caudal Vein ◽  
Situs Solitus ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Inversion

Dextrocardia is a rare cardiac anomaly where the heart is situated on the right antimeres of the thorax. This study had the objective of describing a case of dextrocardia with situs solitus and apex-basis axis inversion in a lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) between five evaluated animals, all from the area of Mine Bauxite - Paragominas - Para. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and a posterior dissection was done. The heart of an animal was found in right antimere with inversion of the base-apex axis. The right atrium was more developed then the left and the pulmonary veins arrived directly in the left ventricle. The main vases of the base were identified with some topographic alterations resulting in: aorta dorsal to the cava caudal vein, pulmonary artery dorsal and cranial to aorta, pulmonary veins ventral to the pulmonary artery, cava caudal vein in ventral plain and cava cranial vein in dorsal plan in relation to the other vessels. Internally there were four cardiac chambers, with absence of septal communication.

The Occlusion Effect in Unilateral Functional Hearing Loss

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Gary Thompson ◽  
Marie Denman
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Right ◽  
Occlusion Effect

Bone-conduction tests were administered to subjects who feigned a hearing loss in the right ear. The tests were conducted under two conditions: With and without occlusion of the non-test ear. It was anticipated that the occlusion effect, a well-known audiological principle, would operate to draw low frequency bone-conducted signals to the occluded side in a predictable manner. Results supported this expectation and are discussed in terms of their clinical implications.

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