scholarly journals Morphological and morphometric features of cuboid bone

2017 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 266-272
Author(s):  
Suja S Kumar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Surface ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Type I ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Common Mean ◽  
Articular Facet ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Metatarsal Bones ◽  
Cuboid Bone

Abstract Background and aims : Morphological and morphometric data of cuboid is of significance in creating 3D model of midfoot alignment and in understanding pathologies and instabilities in the region. There is minimal data on biometric values of cuboid. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological variations in calcaneal articulating facet and metatarsal articulating facet. The other objective was to report morphometric data of cuboid. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, using 24 dry cuboid bones. Each bone was observed for pattern of articular surfaces. Articular surface of each bone was photographed and categorized. Presence of navicular facet was noted. Results: Pattern of calcaneal articular facet was classified into four types: IA – concavo-convex facet with posteromedial projection and overall oval or reniform shaped; 1B – concavo-convex facet without posteromedial projection and rectangular shaped; 2A – plane facet with posteromedial projection and oval or reniform shaped; 2B – plane facet without posteromedial projection and rectangular shaped. Type I was the most common. Pattern of metatarsal articulating facet was classified into three groups: Concave – the edges of metatarsal articulating facet projected anteriorly making a depression for articulation of 4th and 5th metatarsal bones; Plane – articulating facet is flat; Convex – the articulating surface slopes posteriorly. Concave pattern was most common. Mean medial length of cuboid was 33.9 [°3.3] mm, lateral length was 17.9[ °1.6]mm, height was 22[°1.5] mm, length index was 188.8, area of calcaneal articular facet was 124.9 [°10.9] mm2, area of metatarsal articulating facet was 91.9[°5.7]mm2, depth of peroneal groove was 1.83 [°1.3]mm. Conclusion: Morphological characterization of articular surfaces of cuboid, especially the calcaneal facet helps to understand the degree of movement at calcaneocuboid joint and also joint pathologies.

Morphological characterization of Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) and photomicrographs of several other species of the subfamily Telotylenchinae Siddiqi, 1960

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4526 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
REZA GHADERI ◽  
AKBAR KAREGAR ◽  
ESMAEIL MIRAEIZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Pharyngeal Bulb ◽  
Anal Sac

Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological and morphometric data. The new species is characterized by its 760–1073 µm long body, conoid-rounded lip region continuous with the body contour and bearing 5–7 fine striae, 22.0–24.5 µm long stylet, basal pharyngeal bulb offset or slightly overlapping intestine, post-anal sac extending 50–73 % of the tail region, and cylindrical or subclavate tail with a striated terminus. Differences of the new species from the closely related species T. astriatus, T. astriatoides, T. changlingensis and T. papyrus are discussed. Photomicrographs and several taxonomic notes on 13 other species of Telotylenchinae, collected from Iran, are provided. 

scholarly journals Morphometric evaluation of features of remodeling of chondrocites of joint surfaces of temporomandibular joint of experimental animals in hyperglycemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Hnatiuk ◽  
Lesia Rubas
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
White Male ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intercellular Substance ◽  
Temporal Fossa ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Joint Surfaces

Aim: to study morphometrically the peculiarities of remodeling of chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint in hyperglycemia.Materials and methods: Quantitative morphological methods were used to study diameters of chondrocytes and their nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic relationship in these cells, relative volume of damaged chondrocytes, intercellular-chondrocytic relationship in mature chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint of 45 laboratory mature white male rats with simulated diabetes.Results: A comprehensive analysis of the morphometric parameters presented in the article showed that they did not differ in the articular surfaces of the temporal fossa and mandibular head of the intact temporomandibular joint. The expressed structural changes of chondrocytes were revealed at a monthly and a two-month diabetic arthropathy of this joint.Conclusions: Proceeded studies and obtained results suggest that prolonged hyperglycemia leads to diabetic arthropathy of the TMJ, which is characterized by atrophy of chondrocytes, violation of nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships, an increase in the relative volume of damaged chondrocytes and volume of intercellular substance. The detected changes in quantitative morphological parameters depended on the duration of hyperglycemia and dominated in the cartilaginous tissue of the articular surface of the mandibular head.

The temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication, and the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Mandibular Condyle ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Synovial Joints ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Temporomandibular Joints ◽  
Mandibular Fossa ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Muscles Of Mastication

It is essential that dental students and practitioners understand the structure and function of the temporomandibular joints and the muscles of mastication and other muscle groups that move them. The infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa are deep to the mandible and its related muscles; many of the nerves and blood vessels supplying the structures of the mouth run through or close to these areas, therefore, knowledge of the anatomy of these regions and their contents is essential for understanding the dental region. The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the only freely movable articulations in the skull together with the joints between the ossicles of the middle ear; they are all synovial joints. The muscles of mastication move the TMJ and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles also play a significant role in jaw movements. The articular surfaces of the squamous temporal bone and of the condylar head (condyle) of the mandible form each temporomandibular joint. These surfaces have been briefly described in Chapter 22 on the skull and Figure 24.1A indicates their shape. The concave mandibular fossa is the posterior articulating surface of each squamous temporal bone and houses the mandibular condyle at rest. The condyle is translated forwards on to the convex articular eminence anterior to the mandibular fossa during jaw movements. The articular surfaces of temporomandibular joints are atypical; they covered by fibrocartilage (mostly collagen with some chondrocytes) instead of hyaline cartilage found in most other synovial joints. Figures 24.1B and 24.1C show the capsule and ligaments associated with the TMJ. The tough, fibrous capsule is attached above to the anterior lip of the squamotympanic fissure and to the squamous bone around the margin of the upper articular surface and below to the neck of the mandible a short distance below the limit of the lower articular surface. The capsule is slack between the articular disc and the squamous bone, but much tighter between the disc and the neck of the mandible. Part of the lateral pterygoid muscle is inserted into the anterior surface of the capsule. As in other synovial joints, the non-load-bearing internal surfaces of the joint are covered with synovial membrane.

scholarly journals Stress Distribution Patterns Across the Shoulder Joint in Gymnasts: A Computed Tomography Osteoabsorptiometry Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 232596712096210
Author(s):  
Daisuke Momma ◽  
Wataru Iwamoto ◽  
Kaori Endo ◽  
Kazuki Sato ◽  
Norimasa Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Subchondral Bone Density ◽  
Collegiate Gymnasts

Background: The distribution pattern of subchondral bone density is an indicator of stress distribution over a joint surface under long-term physiologic loading. The biomechanical characteristics of the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint in gymnasts can be determined by measuring this distribution pattern. Purpose: To evaluate the distribution of subchondral bone density across the shoulder joint in male collegiate gymnasts and to determine the effects of gymnastic activities on its articular surfaces under long-term loading conditions using computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM). Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: CT image data were obtained from both shoulders of 12 asymptomatic male collegiate gymnasts (gymnast group; mean age, 19.4 years; range, 18-22 years) and 10 male collegiate volunteers (control group; mean age, 20.2 years; range, 18-22 years). The distribution pattern of subchondral bone density across the articular surfaces of each shoulder joint was assessed by CTOAM. Quantitative analysis was performed of the locations and percentages of high-density areas on the articular surface. Results: Stress distribution patterns over the articular surfaces differed between the gymnasts and the controls. In the gymnasts, high-density areas were detected on the posterosuperior articular surface of the humeral head and the anterosuperior and/or posterosuperior articular surface of the glenoid. Mean bone density was greater in the gymnasts than in the controls ( P < .0001). Conclusion: Stress distribution over the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint was affected by gymnastic activities. Stress was concentrated over the superior part of the glenohumeral joint in male collegiate gymnasts. Clinical Relevance: The present findings suggest that gymnastic activities increase stress to the articular surfaces of the superior glenohumeral joint. This supports the notion that mechanical conditions play a crucial role in the origin of disorders particular to gymnastic activities.

scholarly journals Two-millimetre diameter operative arthroscopy of the ankle is safe and effective

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 3080-3086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Stornebrink ◽  
J. Nienke Altink ◽  
Daniel Appelt ◽  
Coen A. Wijdicks ◽  
Sjoerd A. S. Stufkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Surface ◽  
Anteromedial Portal ◽  
Human Donor ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Iatrogenic Damage ◽  
Anterolateral Portal ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Effective Visualization ◽  
Neurovascular Structures ◽  
Portal Tracts

Abstract Purpose Technical innovation now offers the possibility of 2-mm diameter operative arthroscopy: an alternative to conventional arthroscopy that no longer uses inner rod-lenses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether all significant structures in the ankle could be visualized and surgically reached during 2-mm diameter operative arthroscopy, without inflicting iatrogenic damage. Methods A novel, 2-mm diameter arthroscopic system was used to perform a protocolled arthroscopic procedure in 10 fresh-frozen, human donor ankles. Standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals were utilized. Visualization and reach with tailored arthroscopic instruments of a protocolled list of articular structures were recorded and documented. A line was etched on the most posterior border of the talar and tibial cartilage that was safely reachable. The specimens were dissected and distances between portal tracts and neurovascular structures were measured. The articular surfaces of talus and tibia were photographed and inspected for iatrogenic damage. The reachable area on the articular surface was calculated and analysed. Results All significant structures were successfully visualized and reached in all specimens. The anteromedial portal was not in contact with neurovascular structures in any specimen. The anterolateral portal collided with a branch of the superficial peroneal nerve in one case but did not cause macroscopically apparent harm. On average, 96% and 85% of the talar and tibial surfaces was reachable respectively, without causing iatrogenic damage. Conclusion 2-mm diameter operative arthroscopy provides safe and effective visualization and surgical reach of the anterior ankle joint. It may hold the potential to make ankle arthroscopy less invasive and more accessible.

scholarly journals Comparison of Treatment Results for Mallet Finger Fractures in Children Between Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation and Ishiguro’s Method

Hand ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ota ◽  
Soichiro Itoh ◽  
Yoshihiko Matsuyama
Keyword(s):  
Articular Surface ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mallet Finger ◽  
Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Fractures In Children ◽  
Mallet Fracture ◽  
Pin Fixation

Background: We compared the treatment results for displaced mallet finger fractures in children between low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation and Ishiguro’s method, which involves extension block and arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint with pinning. Methods: Eleven cases (5 females and 6 males; average age, 13.5 years) of mallet finger were operated with Ishiguro’s method, and 8 cases (3 females and 5 males; average age, 13.0 years) were treated with LIPUS stimulation. Lateral radiographs were used to determine the distance of fragment displacement and the percentage of the articular surface involved in the fragments. Functional outcomes in flexion and extension and those estimated using Crawford’s evaluation criteria at the final visits were assessed in each group. Results: The duration needed for fracture healing was longer, however, active extension and flexion of the DIP joint were significantly larger in the LIPUS group compared with those in the pinning group. Functional recovery was excellent in all cases in the LIPUS group; however, recovery was good in 3 cases and excellent in 8 cases in the pinning group. Extension of the DIP joint was significantly larger when pins were removed in 35 or lesser days postoperatively compared with cases in which pin fixation was continued for more than 35 days. Conclusions: LIPUS therapy may be recommended as an option to treat type I mallet finger in children for whom initiation of treatment was delayed up to 8 weeks. When Ishiguro’s method is applied to the displaced mallet fracture in children, arthrodesis of the DIP joint for more than 5 weeks should be avoided to prevent flexion contracture.

Sex- and age-related morphological variations in the talar articular surfaces of the calcaneus

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 151468
Author(s):  
Shuhei Nozaki ◽  
Kota Watanabe ◽  
Tomoaki Kamiya ◽  
Masaki Katayose ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals Ulnar articular surface 3-D landmarks and ecomorphology of small mammals: a case study of two early Miocene typotheres (Notoungulata) from Patagonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahuel A. Muñoz ◽  
Guillermo H. Cassini ◽  
Adriana M. Candela ◽  
Sergio F. Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Forelimb Movements ◽  
Morphological Patterns

ABSTRACTArticular surfaces reflect the relative movements between adjacent bones, and the ones involved in the elbow joint provide information about forelimb movements and may be useful for making inferences about the substrate use. The proximal articular surface of the ulna was examined through 3-D geometric morphometrics, in order to assess its usefulness as a proxy for paleoecological interpretations; particularly for two small mammals from the early Miocene of Patagonia. The sample was composed of 22 extant small mammals (rodents, carnivorans and primates) and two extinct typotheres: Hegetotherium mirabile (Hegetotheriidae) and Interatherium robustum (Interatheriidae). Forty-five landmarks were taken and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the morphospace structure. The results of PCA for the whole surface were inconclusive; therefore, successive analyses were made, subdividing the surface into sub-units. The PCA for the proximal part of the trochlear notch was the most informative, allowing the recognition of morphospaces with functional value: one for digging rodents and another for most climbers. Neither typothere would have had a specialisation for climbing or digging in the features analysed. This study allows morphological patterns on different parts of a joint to be detected; interpreted, at least partially, as differential responses to different kinds of mechanical stress.

Anatomical data on the craniocervical junction and their correlation with degenerative changes in 30 cadaveric specimens

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan A. König ◽  
Axel Goldammer ◽  
Hans-Ekkehart Vitzthum
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Grade Iii ◽  
Fine Print

>Object. The goal of this project was to measure vertebral dimensions at the craniocervical junction and to investigate degenerative changes in this region and their correlations with the anatomical data. These studies will assist in an understanding of biomechanical conditions in this region, which are clinically relevant in cases of cervicogenic headaches and vertigo. Methods. The authors examined 30 cadaveric specimens obtained from patients ranging in age from 24 to 88 years at death. Measurements of angles of the vertebrae were conducted using an imprint method. Microsections of osseous endplates and articular cartilage were graded according to their degrees of degeneration by using the Petersson classification (0, no sign of degeneration; I, superficial degeneration with several fragmentations; II, deeper degeneration with cartilaginous disintegration and penetrating ulceration; or III, complete cartilaginous degeneration with the appearance of subchondral bone in > 50% of the articular surface). The authors found Grade I changes in 100% of the occiput specimens. In the superior articular cartilage of C-1 no changes (Grade 0) were found in two specimens, whereas 6% of the specimens exhibited Grade II changes and 89% exhibited Grade I changes. In the inferior articular cartilage of C-1, 57% of the specimens displayed Grade I changes, 14% Grade II, and 20% Grade III changes. In the superior articular cartilage of C-2, 62.5% of the specimens displayed Grade I changes and 25% Grade II changes. At the occiput—C1 level the authors found a higher frequency of degeneration at the upper left articular surface of the atlas (Quadrants 1 and 3), and at the C1–2 level they found a higher frequency of degeneration at the upper left and upper right articular surfaces of the axis (Quadrants 2 and 3, respectively). Using the McNemar test, the authors investigated the frequency of affection of single quadrants in a left—right side comparison (lateral reversal). Significant differences were identified for Quadrant 2 of the upper left articular surface of C-2 and Quadrant 3 of the upper right articular surface of C-2. These results correlate with the analysis of single articular surfaces of the axis, but contradict the results for the atlas, in which no significant difference in the left—right side comparison was found. Conclusions. Severe degeneration in the atlantooccipital joints appears to be a rare condition, with no Grade II or III degeneration found in the occipital condyles and 6% Grade I, 89% Grade II, but no Grade III changes in the superior articular cartilage of the atlas. Degeneration of the inferior articular cartilage of C-1 and the superior articular cartilage of C-2 indicates that the atlantoaxial joint faces more intense mechanical exposure, which is increased at the upper joint surfaces.

scholarly journals Morphometric Analysis of Lateral Masses of Axis Vertebrae in North Indians

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Lalit ◽  
Sanjay Piplani ◽  
J. S. Kullar ◽  
Anupama Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Fixation Device ◽  
Safe Site ◽  
Articular Facet ◽  
Internal Fixation Device ◽  
Good Site ◽  
Length Width ◽  
North Indians ◽  
The Mean

Background and Objective. The lateral masses of axis have good cancellous bone quality beneath the articular surface of facets that make this area a good site for the insertion of an internal fixation device. Methods. 60 dry axis vertebrae were obtained for anatomic evaluation focused on pedicle, superior and inferior articular facets, and foramen transversarium. Based upon linear and angular parameters the mean, range, and standard deviation were calculated. Results. The mean length, width, and height of the pedicle were 21.61 ± 2.37 mm, 8.82 ± 2.43 mm, and 5.63 ± 2.06 mm. The mean pedicle superior angle and median angle were 23.3 and 32.2 degrees. The mean superior articular facet length, width, and external and internal height were 16.34 ± 1.56 mm, 14.35 ± 1.75 mm, 8.98 ± 1.36 mm, and 4.23 ± 0.81 mm. Depth of vertebral artery was 4.72 ± 0.83 mm. Mean inferior articular facet length and width were 11.13 ± 1.43 mm and 7.89 ± 1.30 mm. The mean foramen transversarium length and width were 5.11 ± 0.91 mm and 5.06 ± 1.23 mm. Conclusions. The study may provide information for the surgeons to determine the safe site of entry and trajectory for the screw implantation and also to avoid injuries to vital structures while operating around axis.

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