Efficacy of Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in Plantar Fasciitis: Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract Introduction Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a chronic degenerative condition causing marked thickening and fibrosis of the plantar fascia, and collagen necrosis, chondroid metaplasia and calcification. There is little convincing evidence in support of various approaches, including homeopathy, for treating PF. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines (IHMs) compared with placebo in the treatment of PF. Methods A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at the outpatient departments of Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India. Patients were randomized to receive either IHMs or identical-looking placebo in the mutual context of conservative non-medicinal management. The Foot Function Index (FFI) questionnaire, as an outcome measure, was administered at baseline, and every month, up to 3 months. Group differences (unpaired t-tests) and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated on an intention-to-treat sample. The sample was analyzed statistically after adjusting for baseline differences. Results The target sample size was 128; however, only 75 could be enrolled (IHMs: 37; Placebo: 38). Attrition rate was 9.3% (IHMs: 4, Placebo: 3). Differences between groups in total FFI% score favored IHMs against placebo at all the time points, with large effect sizes: month 1 (mean difference, −10.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], −15.7 to −4.2; p = 0.001; d = 0.8); month 2 (mean difference, −14.3; 95% CI, −20.4 to −8.2; p <0.001; d = 1.1); and month 3 (mean difference, −23.3; 95% CI, −30.5 to −16.2; p <0.001; d = 1.5). Similar significant results were also observed on three FFI sub-scales (pain%, disability%, and activity limitation%). Natrum muriaticum (n = 14; 18.7%) and Rhus toxicodendron and Ruta graveolens (n = 11 each; 14.7%) were the most frequently prescribed medicines. No harms, serious adverse events, or intercurrent illnesses were recorded in either of the groups. Conclusion IHMs acted significantly better than placebo in the treatment of PF; however, the trial being underpowered, the results should be interpreted as preliminary only. Independent replications are warranted. Trial registration: CTRI/2018/10/016014.

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Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2020-0512 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Shubhamoy Ghosh ◽

Rai Khushboo Ravindra ◽

Amila Modak ◽

Shukdeb Maiti ◽

Arunava Nath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Attrition Rate ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Double Blind

Abstract Objectives Homeopathic treatment is claimed to be beneficial for primary dysmenorrhoea (PD); still, systematic research evidences remain compromised. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines (IH) against placebo in the treatment of PD. Methods A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at the gynecology outpatient department of Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India. Patients were randomized to receive either IH (n=64) or identical-looking placebo (n=64). Primary and secondary outcome measures were 0–10 numeric rating scales (NRS) measuring intensity of pain of dysmenorrhea and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMSS) respectively; all measured at baseline, and every month, up to 3 months. Group differences and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated on intention-to-treat (ITT) sample. Results Groups were comparable at baseline (all p>0.05). Attrition rate was 10.9% (IH: 7, placebo: 7). Differences between groups in both pain NRS and VMSS favoured IH over placebo at all time points (all p<0.001, unpaired t-tests and two-ways repeated measures analysis of variance) with medium to large effect sizes. Natrum muriaticum and Pulsatilla nigricans (n=20 each; 15.6%) were the most frequently prescribed medicines. No harms, serious adverse events and intercurrent illnesses were recorded in either of the groups. Conclusions Homeopathic medicines acted significantly better than placebo in the treatment of PD. Independent replication is warranted. Trial registration: CTRI/2018/10/016013.

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Influence of Cinnamon on Glycemic Control in Individuals With Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giulio R Romeo ◽

Junhee Lee ◽

Christopher M Mulla ◽

Youngmin Noh ◽

Casey Holden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Double Blind ◽

Favorable Safety

Abstract Context The identification of adjunct safe, durable, and cost-effective approaches to reduce the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a clinically relevant, unmet goal. It is unknown whether cinnamon’s glucose-lowering properties can be leveraged in individuals with prediabetes. Objective The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of cinnamon on measures of glucose homeostasis in prediabetes. Design, Setting, Participants, and Intervention This double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial randomly assigned adult individuals meeting any criteria for prediabetes to receive cinnamon 500 mg or placebo thrice daily (n = 27/group). Participants were enrolled and followed at 2 academic centers for 12 weeks. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was the between-group difference in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at 12 weeks from baseline. Secondary end points included the change in 2-hour PG of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the change in the PG area under the curve (AUC) derived from the OGTT. Results From a similar baseline, FPG rose after 12 weeks with placebo but remained stable with cinnamon, leading to a mean between-group difference of 5 mg/dL (P < .05). When compared to the respective baseline, cinnamon, but not placebo, resulted in a significant decrease of the AUC PG (P < .001) and of the 2-hour PG of the OGTT (P < .05). There were no serious adverse events in either study group. Conclusions In individuals with prediabetes, 12 weeks of cinnamon supplementation improved FPG and glucose tolerance, with a favorable safety profile. Longer and larger studies should address cinnamon’s effects on the rate of progression from prediabetes to T2D.

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A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial of Individualized Homeopathic Medicines for Cutaneous Warts

Homeopathy ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1722232 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samit Dey ◽

Shifa Hashmi ◽

Sangita Saha ◽

Mahakas Mandal ◽

Abdur Rahaman Shaikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Trial ◽

Pilot Trial ◽

Attrition Rate ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Group Differences ◽

Practice Research ◽

Double Blind ◽

Definitive Trial ◽

Cutaneous Warts

Abstract Background Though frequently used in practice, research studies have shown inconclusive benefits of homeopathy in the treatment of warts. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a future definitive trial, with preliminary assessment of differences between effects of individualized homeopathic (IH) medicines and placebos in treatment of cutaneous warts. Methods A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (n = 60) was conducted at the dermatology outpatient department of D.N. De Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal. Patients were randomized to receive either IH (n = 30) or identical-looking placebo (n = 30). Primary outcome measures were numbers and sizes of the warts; secondary outcome was the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire measured at baseline, and every month up to 3 months. Group differences and effect sizes were calculated on the intention-to-treat sample. Results Attrition rate was 11.6% (IH, 3; placebo, 4). Intra-group changes were significantly greater (all p < 0.05, Friedman tests) in IH than placebo. Inter-group differences were statistically non-significant (all p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U tests) with small effect sizes—both in the primary outcomes (number of warts after 3 months: IH median [inter-quartile range; IQR] 1 [1, 3] vs. placebo 1 [1, 2]; p = 0.741; size of warts after 3 months: IH 5.6 mm [2.6, 40.2] vs. placebo 6.3 [0.8, 16.7]; p = 0.515) and in the secondary outcomes (DLQI total after 3 months: IH 4.5 [2, 6.2] vs. placebo 4.5 [2.5, 8]; p = 0.935). Thuja occidentalis (28.3%), Natrum muriaticum (10%) and Sulphur (8.3%) were the most frequently prescribed medicines. No harms, homeopathic aggravations, or serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion As regards efficacy, the preliminary study was inconclusive, with a statistically non-significant direction of effect favoring homeopathy. The trial succeeded in showing that an adequately powered definitive trial is both feasible and warranted. Trial Registration CTRI/2019/10/021659; UTN: U1111–1241–7340

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Mechanistically Informed Non-invasive Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: a Randomised Double-blind Sham-controlled Trial.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-809958/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

selina johnson ◽

Anne Marshall ◽

Dyfrig Hughes ◽

Emily Holmes ◽

Florian Henrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Clinical Population ◽

Mechanistic Study ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Double Blind ◽

Non Invasive

Abstract Background: Induction of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) is proposed as a treatment mechanism for chronic pain but remains untested in clinical populations. Two interlinked studies; 1. A patient-assessor blinded, randomised, sham-controlled clinical trial and 2. an open-label mechanistic study, sought to examine therapeutic LTD for persons with chronic peripheral nerve injury pain. Methods: 1. Patients were randomised using a concealed, computer-generated schedule to either active or sham non-invasive low-frequency nerve stimulation (LFS), for 3 months (minimum 10 mins/day). The primary outcome was average pain intensity (0-10 Likert scale) recorded over one week, at three months, compared between study groups. 2. On trial completion, consenting subjects entered a mechanistic study assessing somatosensory changes in response to LFS. Results: 1. 76 patients were randomised (38 per group), with 65 (31 active, 34 sham) included in the intention to treat analysis. The primary outcome was not significant, pain scores were 0·3 units lower in active group (95% CI -1·0, 0·3; p=0·30) giving an effect size of 0·19 (Cohen’s D). Two non-device related serious adverse events were reported. 2. In the mechanistic study (n=19) primary outcomes of mechanical pain sensitivity (p=0.006) and dynamic mechanical allodynia (p=0.043) significantly improved indicating reduced mechanical hyperalgesia. Conclusions: Results from the RCT failed to reach significance. Results from the mechanistic study provide new evidence for effective induction of LTD in a clinical population. Taken together results add to mechanistic understanding of LTD and help inform future study design and approaches to treatment. Funding: National Institute for Health Research. ISRCTN53432663

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Mechanistically informed non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulation for peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomised double-blind sham-controlled trial

Journal of Translational Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12967-021-03128-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Selina Johnson ◽

Anne Marshall ◽

Dyfrig Hughes ◽

Emily Holmes ◽

Florian Henrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Clinical Population ◽

Mechanistic Study ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Double Blind ◽

Non Invasive

Abstract Background Induction of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) is proposed as a treatment mechanism for chronic pain but remains untested in clinical populations. Two interlinked studies; (1) A patient-assessor blinded, randomised, sham-controlled clinical trial and (2) an open-label mechanistic study, sought to examine therapeutic LTD for persons with chronic peripheral nerve injury pain. Methods (1) Patients were randomised using a concealed, computer-generated schedule to either active or sham non-invasive low-frequency nerve stimulation (LFS), for 3 months (minimum 10 min/day). The primary outcome was average pain intensity (0–10 Likert scale) recorded over 1 week, at 3 months, compared between study groups. (2) On trial completion, consenting subjects entered a mechanistic study assessing somatosensory changes in response to LFS. Results (1) 76 patients were randomised (38 per group), with 65 (31 active, 34 sham) included in the intention to treat analysis. The primary outcome was not significant, pain scores were 0.3 units lower in active group (95% CI − 1.0, 0.3; p = 0.30) giving an effect size of 0.19 (Cohen’s D). Two non-device related serious adverse events were reported. (2) In the mechanistic study (n = 19) primary outcomes of mechanical pain sensitivity (p = 0.006) and dynamic mechanical allodynia (p = 0.043) significantly improved indicating reduced mechanical hyperalgesia. Conclusions Results from the RCT failed to reach significance. Results from the mechanistic study provide new evidence for effective induction of LTD in a clinical population. Taken together results add to mechanistic understanding of LTD and help inform future study design and approaches to treatment. Trial registration ISRCTN53432663.

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Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Homeopathy ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715842 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pankhuri Misra ◽

Chintamani Nayak ◽

Abhijit Chattopadhyay ◽

Tarun Kumar Palit ◽

Bharti Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Attrition Rate ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Group Differences ◽

Double Blind

Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disorder, with up to an estimated 134 million Indian sufferers, and having significant impact on quality of life (QOL) and health costs. Despite the evidence favoring homeopathy in CRS being inadequate, it is highly popular. This trial attempts to study the efficacy of individualized homeopathy (IH) medicines in comparison with placebo in patients with CRS. Methods A double-blind, randomized (1:1), placebo-controlled, preliminary trial (n = 62) was conducted at the National Institute of Homoeopathy, West Bengal, India. Primary outcome measure was the sino-nasal outcome test-20 (SNOT-20) questionnaire; secondary outcomes were the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale scores, and five numeric rating scales (0–10) assessing intensity of sneezing, rhinorrhea, post-nasal drip, facial pain/pressure, and disturbance in sense of smell, all measured at baseline and after the 2nd and 4th months of intervention. Group differences and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated on the intention-to-treat sample. Results Groups were comparable at baseline. Attrition rate was 6.5% (IH: 1, Placebo: 3). Although improvements in both primary and secondary outcome measures were higher in the IH group than placebo, with small to medium effect sizes, the group differences were statistically non-significant (all p > 0.05, unpaired t-tests). Calcarea carbonica, Lycopodium clavatum, Sulphur, Natrum muriaticum and Pulsatilla nigricans were the most frequently prescribed medicines. No harmful or unintended effects, homeopathic aggravations or any serious adverse events were reported from either group. Conclusion There was a small but non-significant direction of effect favoring homeopathy, which ultimately renders the trial as inconclusive. Rigorous trials and independent replications are recommended to arrive at a confirmatory conclusion. [Trial registration: CTRI/2018/03/012557; UTN: U1111–1210–7201].

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Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide for patients who had acute ischaemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular treatment (BAST trial): study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e045559

Author(s):

Xuelei Zhang ◽

Anxin Wang ◽

Jing Yu Zhang ◽

Baixue Jia ◽

Xiaochuan Huo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Acute Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Double Blind ◽

Ischaemic Injury ◽

Study Results

IntroductionAs a neuroprotective medication, butylphthalide (NBP) may help protect against cerebral ischaemic injury. However, evidence on whether NBP influences the outcomes of patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who are receiving revascularisation treatment is limited. This study aims to evaluate whether additional NBP therapy can improve the functional outcome of patients who receive intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and/or endovascular treatment (EVT).Methods and analysisThe study will be a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-centre, parallel group trial. The sample size is estimated at 1200 patients. Eligible patients will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive either NBP or placebo daily for 90 days, which will include 14 days of injections and 76 days of capsules. The first use of NBP/placebo will be started within 6 hours of onset of ischaemic stroke. The primary outcome is the functional outcome as assessed by the 90-day modified Rankin Scale, adjusted for baseline scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The primary safety outcome is the percentage of serious adverse events during the 90 days of treatment. This trial will determine whether NBP medication benefits patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who receive intravenous thrombolysis or EVT.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was written according to the general ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University with approval number KY 2018-003-02. Ethics committees of all participating sites have approved the study . Results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and shared in scientific presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03539445.

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Ultrasound-Guided Injection of Dextrose Versus Corticosteroid in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis Management: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Foot & Ankle Specialist ◽

10.1177/1938640020980924 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193864002098092

Author(s):

Gholamreza Raissi ◽

Amin Arbabi ◽

Maryam Rafiei ◽

Bijan Forogh ◽

Arash Babaei-Ghazani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Plantar Fasciitis ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Corticosteroid Injection ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Plantar Fascia ◽

Numeric Rating Scale ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Ultrasound Guided ◽

Double Blind

Design Chronic plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common cause of chronic heel pain, with different conventional treatment options. In this randomized clinical trial, the effect of ultrasound-guided injection of dextrose versus corticosteroid in chronic PF was evaluated and compared. Methods A total of 44 patients suffering from chronic PF who visited the physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic were enrolled in the study. Two table-randomized groups were formed. They received an ultrasonography-guided, single injection of either 40 mg methylprednisolone or 20% dextrose. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure questionnaire with 2 subscales, Activities of Daily Living (FAAM-A) and Sports (FAAM-S), along with ultrasonographic parameters were evaluated before and at 2 and 12 weeks after the injection. Results. A total of 40 participants completed the study. Both interventions significantly improved pain and function at 2 and 12 weeks postinjection. After 2 weeks, compared with the dextrose prolotherapy, the corticosteroid group had significantly lower daytime and morning NRS scores (2.55 vs 4.1, P = .012, and 2.75 vs 4.65, P = .004), higher FAAM-S (66.84 vs 54.19; P = .047), and lower plantar fascia thickness at insertion and 1 cm distal to the insertion zone (3.89 vs 4.29 mm, P = .004, and 3.13 vs 3.48 mm, P = .002), whereas FAAM-A was similar in both groups ( P = .219). After 12 weeks, all study variables were statistically similar between corticosteroid and dextrose prolotherapy groups. No injection-related side effects were recorded in either group. Conclusion Both methods are effective. Compared with dextrose prolotherapy, our results show that corticosteroid injection may have superior therapeutic effects early after injection, accompanied by a similar outcome at 12 weeks postinjection. Levels of Evidence: Level II

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Standard induction with basiliximab versus no induction in low immunological risk kidney transplant recipients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials ◽

10.1186/s13063-021-05253-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aziza Ajlan ◽

Hassan Aleid ◽

Tariq Zulfiquar Ali ◽

Hala Joharji ◽

Khalid Almeshari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Transplant ◽

De Novo ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

First Year ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽

Double Blind ◽

Donor Specific Antibodies

Abstract Background Induction therapy with IL-2 receptor antagonist (IL2-RA) is recommended as a first-line agent in low immunological risk kidney transplant recipients. However, the role of IL2-RA in the setting of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression has not been fully investigated. Aims To compare different induction therapeutic strategies with 2 doses of basiliximab vs. no induction in low immunologic risk kidney transplant recipients as per KFSHRC protocol. Methods Prospective, randomized, double blind, non-inferiority, controlled clinical trial Expected outcomes 1. Primary outcomes: Biopsy-proven acute rejection within first year following transplant 2. Secondary outcomes: a. Patient and graft survival at 1 year b. eGFR at 6 months and at 12 months c. Emergence of de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) Trial registration The study has been prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NTC: 04404127). Registered on 27 May 2020.

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The role of bovine colostrum on recovery time and length of hospital stay of acute diarrhea in infants and children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi46.3.2006.127-33 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

IGN Suwarba ◽

Sudaryat S ◽

Hendra S ◽

IKG Suandi ◽

Raka Widiana

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Bovine Colostrum ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Double Blind ◽

Defecation Frequency

Background WHO standard treatment for acute diarrhea remainsunsatisfying to the parents of acute diarrhea patients, particularlythe need of medical treatment. Bovine colostrum contains immuneand growth factors that is thought able to neutralize some agentscausing acute diarrhea in infants and children.Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bovine colostrum as adju-vant therapy on recovery time and length of hospital stay for acutediarrhea in infants and children.Methods A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conductedon infants and children with acute diarrhea admitted to SanglahHospital. Treatment group received standard therapy with bovinecolostrums and control group received standard therapy plus pla-cebo. The primary outcomes were achievement of recovery timeand length of hospital stay. Recovery time was determined by thenumber of days needed to achieve defecation frequency <3 times/day and needed to achieve normal stool consistency.Results Seventy infants and children were enrolled. The treatmentgroup significantly achieved recovery time earlier than the control groupin regard to the time of achieving defecation frequency to <3 times/day [2.31 (0.76) vs 3.34 (1.45); mean difference of -1.03; P= 0.001; CI95% -1.58;-0.48] and normal stool consistency [2.40 (0.77) vs 3.43(1.48); mean difference of -1.03; P = 0.001; CI 95% -1.59;-0.46]. Lengthof hospital stay was shorter in the treatment group than the controlgroup [2.89 (0.78) vs 3.94 (1.53); mean difference of -1.05; P= 0.001;CI 95% (-1.3;-0.7)]. No significant difference was found in mean ofbody weight recovery in two groups [0.47 (0.16) vs 0.49 (0.20); meandifference of -0.03; P=0.556; CI 95%: -0.11;0.06]. Age, nutritionalstatus, breastfeeding, and diarrhea before admission did not influ-ence the study outcome.Conclusion Bovine colostrums as an adjuvant in standard therapyfor acute diarrhea in infants and children is effective in regard toachieve earlier recovery time and shorter length of hospital stay

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