Environmentally Useful Life of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements: Critical Time Period Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 04021001
Author(s):  
Arya Chandralal Anitha ◽  
Muhammed Siddik Abdul Samad ◽  
George K. Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Critical Time ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Useful Life

Maternal care and environmental enrichment influences on serotonin knockout mice with implications for a gene x stress model of autism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Briana M. Kille
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
The University

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Previous research has shown a genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene (Slc6a4) can increase the severity of a person's reaction to stress. This variant interacts with environmental stressors resulting in poorer health outcomes. Previous studies have also found that stressing pregnant mothers who carry the variant can result in an increased likelihood of autism diagnosis for the child. This maternal genotype x prenatal stress interaction has been modeled in the serotonin transporter knockout (SERT KO) mouse--dams genetically modified to mimic humans carrying the short allele were stressed during pregnancy resulting in offspring showing altered social behavior, repetitive behavior, and anxiety behavior. The first study included in this dissertation attempted to replicate this model while using a foster dam paradigm to avoid potential maternal care confounds. Surprisingly, the results showed that equalizing maternal care equalized several group differences in behavior. It is theorized that this is due to elimination of the neonatal insult from poor maternal care that would correspond to a human prenatal insult during a previously identified critical time period. The second study explored the potential effects environmentally enriched home cages on anxiety like behaviors of SERT KO mice. The study showed that all animals, regardless of genotype, showed fewer anxiety like behaviors in the open field assay. Together, these studies expand on our understanding of environmental influence on SERT KO mice used in translational studies.

scholarly journals How public perceptions of social distancing evolved over a critical time period: communication lessons learnt from the American state of Wisconsin

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (05) ◽  
pp. A11
Author(s):  
Kaiping Chen ◽  
Luye Bao ◽  
Anqi Shao ◽  
Pauline Ho ◽  
Shiyu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Main Barrier

Understanding how individuals perceive the barriers and benefits of precautionary actions is key for effective communication about public health crises, such as the COVID-19 outbreak. This study used innovative computational methods to analyze 30,000 open-ended responses from a large-scale survey to track how Wisconsin (U.S.A.) residents' perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to performing social distancing evolved over a critical time period (March 19th to April 1st, 2020). Initially, the main barrier was practical related, however, individuals later perceived more multifaceted barriers to social distancing. Communication about COVID-19 should be dynamic and evolve to address people's experiences and needs overtime.

scholarly journals The importance of elastin to aortic development in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (2) ◽  
pp. H257-H264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Wagenseil ◽  
Christopher H. Ciliberto ◽  
Russell H. Knutsen ◽  
Marilyn A. Levy ◽  
Attila Kovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Hemodynamic Forces ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Stenotic Arteries ◽  
And Function

Elastin is an essential component of vertebrate arteries that provides elasticity and stores energy during the cardiac cycle. Elastin production in the arterial wall begins midgestation but increases rapidly during the last third of human and mouse development, just as blood pressure and cardiac output increase sharply. The aim of this study is to characterize the structure, hemodynamics, and mechanics of developing arteries with reduced elastin levels and determine the critical time period where elastin is required in the vertebrate cardiovascular system. Mice that lack elastin ( Eln−/−) or have approximately one-half the normal level ( Eln+/−) show relatively normal cardiovascular development up to embryonic day (E) 18 as assessed by arterial morphology, left ventricular blood pressure, and cardiac function. Previous work showed that just a few days later, at birth, Eln−/− mice die with high blood pressure and tortuous, stenotic arteries. During this period from E18 to birth, Eln+/− mice add extra layers of smooth muscle cells to the vessel wall and have a mean blood pressure 25% higher than wild-type animals. These findings demonstrate that elastin is only necessary for normal cardiovascular structure and function in mice starting in the last few days of fetal development. The large increases in blood pressure during this period may push hemodynamic forces over a critical threshold where elastin becomes required for cardiovascular function. Understanding the interplay between elastin amounts and hemodynamic forces in developing vessels will help design treatments for human elastinopathies and optimize protocols for tissue engineering.

Heritage In-Between

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsim D. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Time Period

Conventional accounts of missionary and settler colonialism in California have overemphasized the loss experienced by Native Americans. For indigenous Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people of the San Francisco Bay Area, a story of loss contrasts sharply with their casino—a symbol of prosperity—established in 2013. Each narrative is anchored to highly visible places that commemorate either loss or success. These places, examined here using two case studies, also conceal an important “heritage in-between”—that is, the critical time period, spaces, and things that reflect native resilience and transformation—that might serve to better contextualize both narrative projects.

scholarly journals Multiple exposures, reinfection and risk of progression to active tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 180999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Ackley ◽  
Robyn S. Lee ◽  
Lee Worden ◽  
Erin Zwick ◽  
Travis C. Porco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
First Year ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Active Disease

A recent study reported on a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in a largely Inuit village. Among newly infected individuals, exposure to additional active cases was associated with an increasing probability of developing active disease within a year. Using binomial risk models, we evaluated two potential mechanisms by which multiple infections during the first year following initial infection could account for increasing disease risk with increasing exposures. In the reinfection model , each infectious contact confers an independent risk of an infection, and infections contribute independently to active disease. In the threshold model , disease risk follows a sigmoidal function with small numbers of infectious contacts conferring a low risk of active disease and large numbers of contacts conferring a high risk. To determine the dynamic impact of reinfection during the early phase of infection, we performed simulations from a modified Reed–Frost model of TB dynamics following spread from an initial number of cases. We parametrized this model with the maximum-likelihood estimates from the reinfection and threshold models in addition to the observed distribution of exposures among new infections. We find that both models can plausibly account for the observed increase in disease risk with increasing infectious contacts, but the threshold model confers a better fit than a nested model without a threshold ( p = 0.04). Our simulations indicate that multiple exposures to infectious individuals during this critical time period can lead to dramatic increases in outbreak size. In order to decrease TB burden in high-prevalence settings, it may be necessary to implement measures aimed at preventing repeated exposures, in addition to preventing primary infection.

Defining a Critical Time Period for Lactocrine Signaling in Support of Neonatal Porcine Cervical Development.

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 355-355
Author(s):  
Meredith E. Camp ◽  
Kathleen M. Ferio ◽  
Joseph C. Chen ◽  
Kristene A. Welch ◽  
Frank F. Bartol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Time ◽  
Time Period

scholarly journals “They Just Need to Come Down a Little Bit to Your Level”: A Qualitative Study of Parents’ Views and Experiences of Early Life Interventions to Promote Healthy Growth and Associated Behaviours

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3605
Author(s):  
Marita Hennessy ◽  
Molly Byrne ◽  
Rachel Laws ◽  
Caroline Heary
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
To Come ◽  
Healthy Growth

The first 1000 days is a critical window of opportunity to promote healthy growth and associated behaviours. Health professionals can play an important role, in part due to the large number of routine contacts they have with parents. There is an absence of research on the views of parents towards obesity prevention and the range of associated behaviours during this time period. This study aimed to elicit parents’ views on early life interventions to promote healthy growth/prevent childhood obesity, particularly those delivered by health professionals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 parents (24 mothers, 5 fathers) who were resident in Ireland and had at least one child aged under 30 months. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Two central themes were generated: (1) navigating the uncertainty, stress, worries, and challenges of parenting whilst under scrutiny and (2) accessing support in the broader system. Parents would welcome support during this critical time period; particularly around feeding. Such support, however, needs to be practical, realistic, evidence-based, timely, accessible, multi-level, non-judgemental, and from trusted sources, including both health professionals and peers. Interventions to promote healthy growth and related behaviours need to be developed and implemented in a way that supports parents and their views and circumstances.

scholarly journals UNCERTAINTY IN THE FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PRICE OF STOCKS

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1689-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. JAFARI ◽  
M. SADEGH MOVAHED ◽  
P. NOROUZZADEH ◽  
A. BAHRAMINASAB ◽  
MUHAMMAD SAHIMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Gaussian Probability Density Function ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
Large Increments ◽  
Probability Density Function Pdf ◽  
Multiplicative Processes

We report on a study of the Tehran Price Index (TEPIX) from 2001 to 2006 as an emerging market that has been affected by several political crises during the recent years, and analyze the non-Gaussian probability density function (PDF) of the log returns of the stock prices. We show that while the average of the index did not fall very much over the time period of the study, its day-to-day fluctuations strongly increased due to the crises. Using an approach based on multiplicative processes with a detrending procedure, we study the scale-dependence of the non-Gaussian PDFs, and show that the temporal dependence of their tails indicates a gradual and systematic increase in the probability of the appearance of large increments in the returns on approaching distinct critical time scales over which the TEPIX has exhibited maximum uncertainty.

Real Time Control of Thermal Distortion During Pulsed Laser Welding of Optical Packages

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-448
Author(s):  
Musa Jouaneh ◽  
Sabbir Rangwala
Keyword(s):  
Laser Welding ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Piezo Actuator ◽  
Thermal Distortion ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Pulsed Laser Welding ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Time Period

This paper investigates a method to compensate for thermal distortions which occur during pulsed laser welding of optical packages. A control strategy, based on the use of a fast response piezo-actuator to maintain relative alignment between the fiber and the laser in the critical time period after application of the laser pulse and before cooling of the weld nugget is described.

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