Technical Changes and the Rate of Profit in the Canadian Textile, Knitting, and Clothing Industries

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1487-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Webber ◽  
S Tonkin

In this paper the histories of profitability and accumulation in the textile, knitting, and clothing industries of Canada are examined, over the period 1952–81. These histories are quite different from those of other industries and of Canadian manufacturing as a whole. In the clothing industry, capitalists have relied upon increasing rates of exploitation to maintain their high rates of profit, and there has been only limited technical change; in the textile industry, the technical composition of capital has risen, and its negative effects on profitability have been offset by changes in the turnover time and the rate of exploitation; the knitting industry lies between these two extremes.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Catarina Costa ◽  
Nuno Azoia ◽  
Carla Silva ◽  
Eduardo Marques

In the last years, sustainable practices have been developed to minimize the negative effects of production and excessive consumption on the environment. The textile and clothing industry is one of the most polluting industries globally and needs to rethink its strategies. The fast-fashion caused an increase in production, and the environmental weight associated with the textile industry also increased. The problems range from the enormous expenditure of water resources to the carbon and greenhouse gas emissions to reaching the consumer. This review focuses on the eco-friendly approaches taken by the industry towards supportable apparel manufacturing, from the choice of raw materials to the last step in the textile industry.


1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1579-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Webber ◽  
S Tonkin

The rate of profit and the causes of changes in the rate of profit in the Canadian food and beverage industry, for the years 1952–1981, are examined in this paper. Until the mid-1960s, the rate of profit was stable or rising, but since then it has fallen. In the first half of the period under consideration, the market strength of the food and beverage industry offset the negative effects of changes within the industry; in the second half of the period, however, the food and beverage industry has suffered as its price per unit of value of output has fallen (but changes within the industry have been negligible). Within the industry the following changes have occurred: turnover times have fallen; the value of labour power (and so the rate of exploitation) has been virtually constant; the technical composition of capital has risen, but only slowly since 1965; until 1965, the main contribution to the rising technical composition of capital has been an increase in fixed capital per worker (and so of the quantity of materials processed per hour); since 1965, the technical composition of capital has changed only in response to changes in turnover times and in capacity utilisation rates. The general picture, then, is of an industry in which technical change has slowed dramatically and changed its form since the mid-1960s; the interaction of this effect and of the changing market strength of the industry accounts for the history of the rate of profit in the Canadian food and beverage industry.


2019 ◽  
pp. 15-35
Author(s):  
David Harvey

David Harvey apresenta uma crítica à importância dada à lei da queda tendencial da taxa de lucro, sugerindo que Marx derivou a “lei” de pressupostos “draconianos” e que Engels foi bem mais entusiasta dela do que Marx, que nunca voltou adiante à teoria apesar de sua evidente incompletude. Portanto, ele argumenta, não deveríamos levar suas conclusões teóricas muito longe. Em sua visão, Marx concebeu as crises como erupções momentâneas e violentas que resolviam as contradições existentes, que podem ser consideradas oportunidades para a reconstrução capitalista ao invés de um sinal do fim eminente do capitalismo. Harvey defende que a taxa de lucro pode ser estabilizada por uma variedade de fatores como uma desvalorização do capital constante devido à mudança tecnológica, a monopolização ou a aceleração do tempo de rotação tanto na produção como na circulação. Ele argumenta, ainda, que um aumento da produtividade que não seja associado a perdas de emprego não reduziria a produção de mais-valia. Ademais, uma queda nas taxas de lucro pode resultar de muitos outros motivos além do aumento da composição orgânica do capital. ABSTRACTDavid Harvey’s article argues against the importance given to the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF), suggesting that Marx derived the “law” under “draconian” assumptions and that Engels was far more enthusiastic about it than Marx, who never went back to the theory later in his life despite its evident incompleteness. Therefore, he argues, we should not take his theoretical conclusions too far. In his view, Marx perceived crises as momentary and violent eruptions that resolve the existing contradictions which can be considered as opportunities of capitalist reconstruction rather than a sign of the imminent end of capitalism. Harvey argues that the rate of profit can be stabilized by a variety of factors such as a devaluation of the existing constant capital due to technical change, monopolization, or accelerating turnover times in both production and circulation. He argues, moreover, that a productivity increase that is not associated with job losses would not reduce surplus value production. Moreover, a fall in profit rates could result from a number of reasons rather than an increase in the organic composition of capital. Tradução: Cássio Arruda Boechat ([email protected])


2021 ◽  
pp. 048661342110058
Author(s):  
Junshang Liang

In a two-sector model with circulating capital, Laibman (1982) shows that a capital-using and labor-saving technical change in the consumption goods sector lowers the rate of profit under the assumption of constant rate of exploitation. This paper generalizes his finding in a two-department multi-sector model that considers the capital advanced. JEL Classification: B51, C67


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Adriana DIMA ◽  
◽  
Ruxandra DINULESCU ◽  

Lean management represents a systematic approach used for identifying and eliminating waste and non-value added activities from different industries, including the textile industry. Even if the lean manufacturing concept has shown important results in continuous process industry, the textile industry represents a good area for implementing this methodology targeting as a main objective the action of eliminating waste, thus reducing costs and therefore, increasing productivity. Being a customer oriented process, the system has the ability to eliminate a significant part of waste from the Romanian textile industry. As a result, this is an incipient study aimed to present the benefits of implementing Lean Management in the Romanian textile industry, through its improvement tools, as well as presenting a theoretical economic impact for a textile company. Also, taking into consideration that Lean Management is not yet applied in the Romanian textile field, the study will present a part of the areas which would need the Lean implementation, as well as further actions to be taken in order to improve productivity in textile industry.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-203
Author(s):  
Nuno Miguel Cardoso Machado

Abstract Marx's theory of crisis is usually associated with the law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit presented in volume three of Capital. According to Marx, the rising organic composition of capital - the fact that variable capital grows in absolute terms, but falls relatively because of the faster growth of constant capital - results in the fall of the general rate of profit, which undermines the reproduction of capital. In this article I will argue that: i) there is a "first version" of Marx's theory of crisis, outlined especially in the Grundrisse, which ascribes the secular crisis of the capitalist economy to the absolute decline of living labour and, therefore, to the falling mass of socially produced surplus-value; ii) only this "first version" of the theory of crisis allows the absolute internal limit of capital to be deduced consistently.


Capital ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Marx

The organic composition of capital depends at any given time on two circumstances: first, on the technical relation of labour-power employed to the mass of the means of production employed; secondly, on the price of these means of production. This composition, as we have...


1992 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Griffiths ◽  
Philip A. Hunt ◽  
Patrick K. O'Brien

An analysis of innovations in the eighteenth-century British textile industry is the basis for an evaluation of aggregate studies of invention during the Industrial Revolution, derived from patent evidence alone. Disaggregation of the data challenges recent generalizations concerning the pace and pattern of technical change over the period. Discontinuities in the nature of invention, promoting an acceleration in total factor productivity growth, are traced to the 1790s. Prior to that date, industrial development conformed to a pattern of Smithian growth, as manufacturers diversified their output in response to an expanding domestic market for consumer goods.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document