Aspects of the Lognormal Function in the Analysis of Regional Population Distribution

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Parr ◽  
G J O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Density Function ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Major Metropolitan Area ◽  
Structure Of Population ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Over Time

The spatial structure of population within a metropolitan-area-based region is approached via the population density function, in much the same way as has been undertaken for a city or metropolitan area. A particularly appropriate form of the density function is the lognormal, and the broad features of this function are outlined. The concern in the balance of the paper is with certain properties of the lognormal form. These properties are descriptive in nature, but may also be of a predictive character, in the sense that the predicted property can be contrasted with its observed counterpart. Consideration is given first to properties based on density. The population form of the lognormal function is then derived, and properties based on population are examined. Attention is also given to relationships among density-based and population-based properties. An example of the approach and how it may contribute to the analysis of spatial structure, particularly over time, is illustrated with respect to a major metropolitan-area-based region. Last, possible applications of this type of analysis are discussed.

scholarly journals Urban Spatial Structure in Barcelona (1902–2011): Immigration, Spatial Segregation and New Centrality Governance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miquel-Àngel Garcia-López ◽  
Rosella Nicolini ◽  
José Luis Roig Sabaté
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of the city’s urban spatial structure in shaping population density distribution over time. This research question is relevant in Barcelona because urban population grew at a sustained pace in various decades due to intense immigration inflows. When the urban spatial structure fails to behave as the backbone of population density distribution, population distribution can suffer from polarization problems. We conduct our empirical study using an urban monocentric framework, tracking the different spatial distribution patterns of the overall population and a few selected urban communities in light of the degree of attractiveness of the central business district (CBD). To this end, we construct an original database by each district in Barcelona from 1902 to 2011 and perform an econometric analysis. Our results reveal that the urban spatial structure continued to be a crucial determinant over time for shaping the overall population distribution in Barcelona and in almost all selected communities. However, its importance fluctuated over time, bottoming out in the 1950s–1960s, and whose resurgence was mostly driven by the political initiative to create a new centrality in the urban periphery. This policy reinforced the attractiveness of the CBD, resulting in the de-facto avoidance of urban polarization.

Convergence of regional population density in Russia over 120 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
K. A. Kholodilin ◽  
Y. I. Yanzhimaeva
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
County Level ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Regional Population Density

A relative uniformity of population distribution on the territory of the country is of importance from socio-economic and strategic perspectives. It is especially important in the case of Russia with its densely populated West and underpopulated East. This paper considers changes in population density in Russian regions, which occurred between 1897 and 2017. It explores whether there was convergence in population density and what factors influenced it. For this purpose, it uses the data both at county and regional levels, which are brought to common borders for comparability purposes. Further, the models of unconditional and conditional β-convergence are estimated, taking into account the spatial dependence. The paper concludes that the population density equalization took place in 1897-2017 at the county level and in 1926—1970 at the regional level. In addition, the population density increase is shown to be influenced not only by spatial effects, but also by political and geographical factors such as climate, number of GULAG camps, and the distance from the capital city.

scholarly journals Increasing population densities predict decreasing fertility rates over time: A 174-nation investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Modesta Rotella ◽  
Michael E. W. Varnum ◽  
Oliver Sng ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Over Time

Fertility rates have been declining worldwide over the past five centuries, part of a phenomenon known as “the demographic transition”. Prior work suggests that this decline is related to population density, however to date this work has either been largely atheoretical or cross sectional. We draw on life history theory to examine the relationship between population density and fertility over time both within and between countries across 174 countries over 69 years (1950 to 2019) using annual data. Using state-of-the-art methods, we find a robust relationship between density and fertility; increased population densities are associated with lower fertility rates, controlling for a variety of socioeconomic, socioecological, geographic, cultural, population-based, and female empowerment related variables. Importantly, we also generate predictions about the conditions in which this effect should be stronger vs. weaker. Consistent with these predictions, we find that where conditions are harsh and favor engagement in shorter-term strategies (i.e., high homicide rates, low GDP per capita, high economic inequality, and high pathogen prevalence), the effect of increased population density on fertility rates is attenuated. We also find that the density-fertility relationship is moderated by religiousness and strength of social norms. These findings shed new light on why, and under what conditions, rising population densities influence fertility rates.

scholarly journals A systematic review of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis rates over time from national or regional population-based registries and databases

2021 ◽  
pp. 089686082199609
Author(s):  
Mark R Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Population Based ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Global Rate ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Over Time

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is one of the top priorities for care and research among PD stakeholders. This study summarizes PD peritonitis rates from available population-based national or regional registries around the world, examining trends over time. This is a systematic review of PD peritonitis rates in patients treated with PD for kidney failure, from census-based national or provincial/statewide/provider registries or databases. MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched from inception to August 2020, and inquiries made to national registry personnel using the International Comparisons section of the 2018 United States Renal Data System Annual Data Report as a contact list. Quantitative synthesis was done using weighted random-effects Poisson regression. Of 81 countries that reported utilization of PD, 19 did not have a traditional dialysis registry (governed by either professional societies or government entities), and only 33 monitored PD peritonitis rates correctly and accessibly. There is wide variation in PD peritonitis rates between countries, although the global average has been decreasing over time, from 0.600 episodes/patient-year in 1992 to 0.303 in 2019. Other sources of variability include the continent in which the country is nested and the size of its PD population. PD peritonitis, despite its importance for PD stakeholders, is under-monitored. While the global rate is decreasing over time, the presence and extent of this improvement varies from country to country. There is an opportunity for better monitoring, research into underachieving and overachieving nations and development of international clinical support networks.

scholarly journals Thirty-Day Laboratory-Based Surveillance for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin C. Pereira ◽  
Kristin M. Shaw ◽  
Paula M. Snippes Vagnone ◽  
Jane E. Harper ◽  
Alexander J. Kallen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a growing problem in the United States. We explored the feasibility of active laboratory-based surveillance of CRE in a metropolitan area not previously considered to be an area of CRE endemicity. We provide a framework to address CRE surveillance and to monitor changes in the incidence of CRE infection over time.

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