Urban Sprawl and the Cost of Public Services

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I Carruthers ◽  
Gudmundur F Ulfarsson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Cost

One of the principle criticisms of urban sprawl is that it undermines the cost-effective provision of public services. In this paper the authors examine whether or not this is true through an exploratory analysis of the influence that alternative development patterns have on twelve measures of public expenditure: total direct, capital facilities, roadways, other transportation, sewerage, trash collection, housing and community development, police protection, fire protection, parks, education, and libraries. The objectives of the analysis are threefold. First, the authors, through a background discussion, provide a brief overview of previous research on the relationship between urban development patterns and the cost of public services. Second, through empirical analysis, they examine how the character of urban development affects per capita public outlays in a cross-section of 283 metropolitan counties during the 1982–92 time period. A separate equation is estimated for each measure of expenditure, providing substantive evidence on how density, the spatial extent of urbanized land area, property value, and political fragmentation affect the cost of services. Finally, the authors use the results of the empirical analysis to develop a set of policy recommendations and directions for future research.

scholarly journals The Fiscal Impacts of Urban Sprawl: Evidence from U.S. County Areas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B Goodman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Compact Development ◽  
Fiscal Impacts ◽  
Per Capita

This paper examines the fiscal impacts of urban development patterns in the United States. Previous studies have indicated that low-density, spatially expansive development patterns are costly to provide public services leading to higher per capita expenditures. However, theory would suggest alternate outcomes. These two possibilities are examined empirically using a panel dataset of U.S. county areas from 1982 to 2012 and a specification allowing for a potential non-linearity between development patterns and per capita expenditures. Estimates indicate that the spatial extent of urban development is the most important, suggesting that more compact development is less costly to provide public services. Increased density increases per capita expenditures suggesting "urban harshness"; however, the effects are quantitatively small.

scholarly journals Epoxy tooling: Technologies, developments, sustainability and future interest to industry 4.0

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110598
Author(s):  
Gorka Díez-Barcenilla ◽  
José L Gómez-Alonso ◽  
Koldo Gondra ◽  
Ester Zuza
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cooling Channels ◽  
Waste Reuse ◽  
Tool Performance ◽  
Rapid Manufacture ◽  
The Cost

The technology of epoxy tooling, at present under continuous development, is used for the rapid manufacture of cost-effective tools for small batch production. It is a valid alternative with no need for expensive investment in metallic moulds for the development of new products. Current investigations are focused on improvements to the production system, improved tool performance, the cost reduction of moulds and tool manufacturing sustainability. In this paper, both the advantages and the disadvantages of epoxy tooling in injection moulding, wax injection, metal stamping and hot embossing are compared with conventional techniques. Following a brief introduction of rapid tooling technologies, the latest advances of epoxy tooling and their implementation in different manufacturing processes are all analysed. These developments refer to the production of new ad-hoc epoxy composites, increased productivity using conformal cooling channels, the reduction of the tooling manufacturing costs through waste reuse and the emerging industry 4.0 technologies for smart manufacturing and tooling. The main objective is to identify both the challenges facing epoxy tooling techniques and future research directions.

Cost-effective species conservation: an application to Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Chile

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ADRIÁN SALDARRIAGA ISAZA ◽  
WALTER GÓMEZ BOFILL ◽  
HUGO SALGADO CABRERA
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Land Allocation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Hippocamelus Bisulcus ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Possibilities Frontier

In this paper we study the cost-effective allocation of the land in the Cordilleran Protection Area (CPA), Region VIII, Chile, for the conservation of a highly threatened species: the Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus). Using a production possibilities frontier (PPF) approach, a linear programming optimization model for a ten-year time period is proposed. Our model takes into account both the preferences of the species for different habitats and the opportunity cost of the land. We evaluate different possibilities of land allocation and identify cost-effective alternatives in the provision of both conservation and income.The results confirm the hypothesis that both the population of Huemul and income from economic activities can be increased compared with current levels. Therefore the current allocation of the land in the CPA is not cost-effective.

scholarly journals Psychosocial intervention for carers of people with dementia: What components are most effective and when? A systematic review of systematic reviews

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Dickinson ◽  
Johanne Dow ◽  
Grant Gibson ◽  
Louise Hayes ◽  
Shannon Robalino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Format ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTBackground:Psychosocial interventions for carers of people with dementia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in dementia care. We aim to systematically review the evidence from existing systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for informal carers of people with dementia.Methods:Thirty-one systematic reviews were identified; following quality appraisal, data from 13 reviews, rated as high or moderate quality, were extracted.Results:Well-designed, clearly structured multi-component interventions can help maintain the psychological health of carers of people with dementia and delay institutionalization of the latter. To be most effective, such interventions should include both an educational and a therapeutic component; delivery through a support group format may further enhance their effectiveness.Conclusions:Successful translation of evidence into practice in this area remains a challenge. Future research should focus on determining the most cost-effective means of delivering effective multi-component interventions in real-world settings; the cost-effective potential of technology-based interventions is considerable.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ALEMTUZUMAB FOR T-CELL PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanting Lu ◽  
Jaime Peters ◽  
Chris Roome ◽  
Ken Stein
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Perfect Information ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Decision Analytic Model ◽  
Prolymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) compared with conventional chemotherapy in people with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL).Methods:We developed a decision-analytic model to assess the costs and benefits of alemtuzumab or conventional therapy based on their effects on quality of life of patients. The main outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio incorporating costs per additional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained over lifetime. Due to the limited data available, a large number of assumptions had to be made to construct the cost-utility model. One-way, multi-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were conducted to explore the impact of these uncertainties. Expected values of perfect information were also calculated for four specific scenarios.Results:Depending on different key assumptions made, the PSA suggested distinct conclusions using a willingness-to-pay threshold of 30,000 GBP per QALY gained. Using this threshold, the probability that alemtuzumab would be cost-effective varies from 0 percent to 53 percent for the four modeled scenarios. Population expected value of perfect information analysis suggests that resolving the parameter uncertainty in the analysis for people with T-PLL in the United Kingdom would have considerable value—up to 5.3 million euro.Conclusions:Alemtuzumab appears more likely to be cost-effective if used earlier in the course of T-PLL and where it replaces the use of multiple alternative therapies. However, cost-effectiveness is highly uncertain and future research is clearly justified. Nevertheless, our analysis demonstrates the feasibility of considering the cost-effectiveness of an agent despite the presence of significant uncertainty to provide appropriate assessment information to policy makers.

scholarly journals Social and Economic Imperatives of Digital Transformation Development in the Public Administration System of a Macroregion

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Gilyan Fedotova ◽  
Roman Lamzin ◽  
Diana Kurazova
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Technological Modernization ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of the study is to analyze the mandatory requirements for the cost-effective modernization of the electronic informational support for public authorities in the federal district considered as a macro-region. These requirements were formed on the basis of global trends in the development of technological components for the implementation of public administration functions after the establishment of close relationship with private entrepreneurial initiatives. The analysis of the imperatives for the expansion of electronic and digital elements is determined by the features of social and economic development of the functioning of integrating public administration in the federal district. This process is closely associated with the maintenance of an ordered cycle of receiving, converting and transmitting information in the work of public administration. Thus, the imperatives identified by the authors are able to ensure effective orderliness in communications between the authorities and businesses during the provision of public services in electronic format. The imperatives of modern digitalization of public administration are mandatory conditions for the implementation of effective electronic and technological modernization to timely respond to public demands for accelerated public services.

scholarly journals Renovation of apartment buildings with prefabricated modular panels

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 03023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalle Kuusk ◽  
Peep Pihelo ◽  
Targo Kalamees
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Grant Scheme ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
The Cost

New recast of the EPBD requires that that Member States shall establish a long-term strategy facilitating the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly-zero energy buildings. Lack of fund and lack of awareness is often considered to be the main barrier for the renovation. Experiences with renovation grant scheme in Estonia showed that large scale renovation scheme is a challenge to the construction industry and increased demand creates new problems like labour shortage and increased construction costs. Current renovation rate of apartment buildings in Estonia is approximately 200 buildings (~1%) per year. Demand is higher but current renovation technologies makes it difficult to significantly increase the renovation rate. Achieving the deep renovation goals with current technologies would require expansion of the whole construction sector (designers, contactors, material industry), which is difficult to achieve. Therefore, innovation and new technologies are needed. The prefabrication would be one solution to allow automation of the renovation process and renovate the existing housing stock within a reasonable time period.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey of COVID-19 Detection Using Medical Images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Muhammad shah ◽  
Sajib Kumar Saha Joy ◽  
Farzad Ahmed ◽  
Mayeesha Humaira ◽  
Amit Saha Ami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Day By Day

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the death of a large number of people. Millions ofpeople are infected by this virus and are still getting infected day by day. As the cost and required time ofconventional RT-PCR tests to detect COVID-19, researchers are trying to use medical images like X-Ray andComputed Tomography (CT) images to detect it with the help of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based systems. Inthis paper, we reviewed some of these newly emerging AI-based models that can detect COVID-19 frommedical images using X-Ray or CT of lung images. We collected information about available research resourcesand inspected a total of 80 papers from the time period of February 21, 2020 to June 20, 2020. We explored andanalyzed datasets, preprocessing techniques, segmentation, feature extraction, classification and experimentalresults which can be helpful for finding future research directions in the domain of automatic diagnosis ofCovid-19 disease using Artificial Intelligence (AI) based frameworks.

scholarly journals Determining the cost-effectiveness requirements of an exoskeleton preventing second hip fractures using value of information

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Manetti ◽  
Giuseppe Turchetti ◽  
Francesco Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Falls may lead to hip fractures, which have a detrimental effect on the prognosis of patients as well as a considerable impact on healthcare expenditures. Since a secondary hip fracture (SHF) may lead to even higher costs than primary fractures, the development of innovative services is crucial to limit falls and curb costs in high-risk patients. An early economic evaluation assessed which patients with a second hip fracture could benefit most from an exoskeleton preventing falls and whether its development is feasible. Methods The life-course of hip fractured patients presenting with dementia or cardiovascular diseases was simulated using a Markov model relying on the United Kingdom administrative data and complemented by published literature. A group of experts provided the exoskeleton parameters. Secondary analyses included a threshold analysis to identify the exoskeleton requirements (e.g. minimum impact of the exoskeleton on patients’ quality of life) leading to a reimbursable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Similarly, the uncertainty around these requirements was modelled by varying their standard errors and represented alongside population Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI). Results Our base-case found the exoskeleton cost-effective when providing a statistically significant reduction in SHF risk. The secondary analyses identified 286 cost-effective combinations of the exoskeleton requirements. The uncertainty around these requirements was explored producing further 22,880 scenarios, which showed that this significant reduction in SHF risk was not necessary to support the exoskeleton adoption in clinical practice. Conversely, a significant improvement in women quality of life was crucial to obtain an acceptable population EVPI regardless of the cost of the exoskeleton. Conclusions Our study identified the exoskeleton requisites to be cost-effective and the value of future research. Decision-makers could use our analyses to assess not only whether the exoskeleton could be cost-effective but also how much further research and development of the exoskeleton is worth to be pursued.

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