The Reinga Basin, North Island, New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Uruski ◽  
Eva Reid ◽  
Vaughan Stagpoole ◽  
Rick Herzer ◽  
Angela Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Sedimentary Succession ◽  
Sedimentary Fill

In early 2009, CGGVeritas, supported by the Crown Minerals Group of New Zealand’s Ministry of Economic Development, undertook a 5,900 km reconnaissance 2D seismic survey of the Reinga Basin, which is located to the northwest of the Northland Peninsula and Basin, New Zealand. Although very little data previously existed across this basin apart from low-fold reconnaissance seismic data, it was suspected of being an extension of the Northland Basin and to contain a thick sedimentary succession. It was thought to have formed as a rift basin near the Gondwana margin and to have been inverted during Neogene evolution of the present plate boundary. This paper is the result of the first interpretation of this new, high-quality data set. It confirms the presence of the basin and its sedimentary succession. Up to 9,000 m of sedimentary fill is imaged. The presence of coaly early rift packages and extensions of the Waipawa Formation black marine shale suggest that the basin contains voluminous source rocks. The basin appears to be more deformed in the northwest where large inversion structures are imaged. The northeastern margin is underlain by an extension of the Northland Allochthon which was obducted onto the New Zealand margin during initiation of the present plate boundary around 25 million years ago (Ma). The basin may also have been affected by strike-slip faulting associated with the Vening-Meinesz fracture zone, which developed during the Miocene. Several volcanic bodies are recognised, but in contrast to the adjacent Northland Basin where many large Miocene shield volcanos erupted, volcanic extrusions are rare in the Reinga region. Thermal modelling suggests that the basal source rocks are mature and expelling hydrocarbons and many direct hydrocarbon anomalies are present. Large trapping structures are apparent throughout the basin and even at this early stage of knowledge it appears that the region may have significant hydrocarbon potential. This paper will discuss the evolution of the basin in the regional tectonic context and summarise its petroleum prospectivity.

The discovery of a new sedimentary basin: offshore Raukumara, East Coast, North Island, New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Uruski ◽  
Callum Kennedy ◽  
Rupert Sutherland ◽  
Vaughan Stagpoole ◽  
Stuart Henrys
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
The North

The East Coast of North Island, New Zealand, is the site of subduction of the Pacific below the Australian plate, and, consequently, much of the basin is highly deformed. An exception is the Raukumara Sub-basin, which forms the northern end of the East Coast Basin and is relatively undeformed. It occupies a marine plain that extends to the north-northeast from the northern coast of the Raukumara Peninsula, reaching water depths of about 3,000 m, although much of the sub-basin lies within the 2,000 m isobath. The sub-basin is about 100 km across and has a roughly triangular plan, bounded by an east-west fault system in the south. It extends about 300 km to the northeast and is bounded to the east by the East Cape subduction ridge and to the west by the volcanic Kermadec Ridge. The northern seismic lines reveal a thickness of around 8 km increasing to 12–13 km in the south. Its stratigraphy consists of a fairly uniformly bedded basal section and an upper, more variable unit separated by a wedge of chaotically bedded material. In the absence of direct evidence from wells and samples, analogies are drawn with onshore geology, where older marine Cretaceous and Paleogene units are separated from a Neogene succession by an allochthonous series of thrust slices emplaced around the time of initiation of the modern plate boundary. The Raukumara Sub-basin is not easily classified. Its location is apparently that of a fore-arc basin along an ocean-to-ocean collision zone, although its sedimentary fill must have been derived chiefly from erosion of the New Zealand land mass. Its relative lack of deformation introduces questions about basin formation and petroleum potential. Although no commercial discoveries have been made in the East Coast Basin, known source rocks are of marine origin and are commonly oil prone, so there is good potential for oil as well as gas in the basin. New seismic data confirm the extent of the sub-basin and its considerable sedimentary thickness. The presence of potential trapping structures and direct hydrocarbon indicators suggest that the Raukumara Sub-basin may contain large volumes of oil and gas.

Exploring New Zealand's marine territory

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Uruski
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Deep Water Part

Around the end of the twentieth century, awareness grew that, in addition to the Taranaki Basin, other unexplored basins in New Zealand’s large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and extended continental shelf (ECS) may contain petroleum. GNS Science initiated a program to assess the prospectivity of more than 1 million square kilometres of sedimentary basins in New Zealand’s marine territories. The first project in 2001 acquired, with TGS-NOPEC, a 6,200 km reconnaissance 2D seismic survey in deep-water Taranaki. This showed a large Late Cretaceous delta built out into a northwest-trending basin above a thick succession of older rocks. Many deltas around the world are petroleum provinces and the new data showed that the deep-water part of Taranaki Basin may also be prospective. Since the 2001 survey a further 9,000 km of infill 2D seismic data has been acquired and exploration continues. The New Zealand government recognised the potential of its frontier basins and, in 2005 Crown Minerals acquired a 2D survey in the East Coast Basin, North Island. This was followed by surveys in the Great South, Raukumara and Reinga basins. Petroleum Exploration Permits were awarded in most of these and licence rounds in the Northland/Reinga Basin closed recently. New data have since been acquired from the Pegasus, Great South and Canterbury basins. The New Zealand government, through Crown Minerals, funds all or part of a survey. GNS Science interprets the new data set and the data along with reports are packaged for free dissemination prior to a licensing round. The strategy has worked well, as indicated by the entry of ExxonMobil, OMV and Petrobras into New Zealand. Anadarko, another new entry, farmed into the previously licensed Canterbury and deep-water Taranaki basins. One of the main results of the surveys has been to show that geology and prospectivity of New Zealand’s frontier basins may be similar to eastern Australia, as older apparently unmetamophosed successions are preserved. By extrapolating from the results in the Taranaki Basin, ultimate prospectivity is likely to be a resource of some tens of billions of barrels of oil equivalent. New Zealand’s largely submerged continent may yield continent-sized resources.

Accelerating seismic fault and stratigraphy interpretation with deep CNNs: A case study of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 727-733
Author(s):  
Haibin Di ◽  
Leigh Truelove ◽  
Cen Li ◽  
Aria Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Reservoir Characterization ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Seismic Attribute ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Seismic Fault ◽  
Attribute Analysis ◽  
Specific Implementation

Accurate mapping of structural faults and stratigraphic sequences is essential to the success of subsurface interpretation, geologic modeling, reservoir characterization, stress history analysis, and resource recovery estimation. In the past decades, manual interpretation assisted by computational tools — i.e., seismic attribute analysis — has been commonly used to deliver the most reliable seismic interpretation. Because of the dramatic increase in seismic data size, the efficiency of this process is challenged. The process has also become overly time-intensive and subject to bias from seismic interpreters. In this study, we implement deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automating the interpretation of faults and stratigraphies on the Opunake-3D seismic data set over the Taranaki Basin of New Zealand. In general, both the fault and stratigraphy interpretation are formulated as problems of image segmentation, and each workflow integrates two deep CNNs. Their specific implementation varies in the following three aspects. First, the fault detection is binary, whereas the stratigraphy interpretation targets multiple classes depending on the sequences of interest to seismic interpreters. Second, while the fault CNN utilizes only the seismic amplitude for its learning, the stratigraphy CNN additionally utilizes the fault probability to serve as a structural constraint on the near-fault zones. Third and more innovatively, for enhancing the lateral consistency and reducing artifacts of machine prediction, the fault workflow incorporates a component of horizontal fault grouping, while the stratigraphy workflow incorporates a component of feature self-learning of a seismic data set. With seven of 765 inlines and 23 of 2233 crosslines manually annotated, which is only about 1% of the available seismic data, the fault and four sequences are well interpreted throughout the entire seismic survey. The results not only match the seismic images, but more importantly they support the graben structure as documented in the Taranaki Basin.

PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF THE GREAT SOUTH BASIN, NEW ZEALAND—NEW SEISMIC DATA IMPROVES IMAGING

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Uruski ◽  
C. Kennedy ◽  
T. Harrison ◽  
G. Maslen ◽  
R.A. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
South Basin ◽  
Time Migration

Much of the Great South Basin is covered by a 30,000 km grid of old seismic data, dating from the 1970s. This early exploration activity resulted in drilling eight wells, one of which, Kawau–1a, was a 461 Bcf gas-condensate discovery. Three other wells had significant oil and gas shows; in particular, Toroa–1 had extensive gas shows and 300 m oil shows. Cuttings are described in the geological logs as dripping with oil. The well was never tested due to engineering difficulties, meaning that much of the bore was accidentally filled with cement while setting casing.In early 2006, Crown Minerals, New Zealand’s petroleum industry regulating body, conducted a new 2D seismic survey in a previously lightly surveyed region across the northern part of the Great South Basin. While previous surveys were generally recorded for five seconds, sometimes six, with up to a 2,500-metre-long cable, the new survey, acquired by CGG Multiwave’s Pacific Titan, employed a 6,000-metre-long streamer and recorded for eight seconds.The dataset was processed to pre-stack time migration (PreSTM) by the GNS Science group using its access to the New Zealand Supercomputer. Increasing the recording time yielded dividends by more fully imaging, for the first time, the nature of rift faulting in the basin. Previous data showed only the tops of many fault blocks. The new data show a system of listric extensional faults, presumably soling out onto a mid-crust detachment. Sedimentary reflectors are observed to seven seconds, implying a thickness of up to 6,000 m of section, probably containing source rock units. The rotated fault blocks provide focal points for large compaction structures. The new data show amplitude anomalies and other features possibly indicating hydrocarbons associated with many of these structures. The region around the Toroa–1 well was typified by anomalously low velocities, which created a vertical zone of heavily attenuated reflections, particularly on intermediate processing products. The new data also show an amplitude anomaly at the well’s total depth (TD) which gives rise to a velocity push-down.Santonian age coaly source rocks are widespread and several reservoir units are recognised. The reservoir at Kawau–1a is the extensive Kawau Sandstone, an Early Maastrichtian transgressive unit sealed by a thick carbonate-cemented mudstone. In addition to the transgressive sandstone target, the basin also contains sandy Eocene facies, and Paleogene turbidite targets may also be attractive. Closed structures are numerous and many are very large with potential to contain billion barrel oil fields or multi-Tcf gas fields.

Imaging the past and present Owen transform fault: preliminary results from the VARUNA seismic cruise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Janin ◽  
Mathieu Rodriguez ◽  
Nicolas Chamot-Rooke ◽  
Alain Rabaute ◽  
Matthias Delescluse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Transform Fault ◽  
African Plate ◽  
Active Structure ◽  
Carlsberg Ridge ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Seismic Lines

<p>The Owen transform fault in the northwest Indian Ocean is a >300 km-long active structure that constitutes the active plate boundary between Somalia and India. The first-order fault geometry was reached in the Early Miocene when the Carlsberg Ridge propagated westward into the African plate to open the Gulf of Aden. Presently, it accommodates ~23 mm/yr of left-lateral strike-slip motion between the Sheba and Carlsberg spreading centers.  The fault was recently surveyed in the Spring of 2019 during the VARUNA and CARLMAG cruises on BHO Beautemps-Beaupré, an oceanographic ship operated by the French Navy. Along with geophysical measurements (multibeam bathymetry, gravity and magnetic fields) a set of high-resolution seismic lines (> 5000 km) was acquired across both the active and fossil traces of the fault between 9°N and 15°N. The area is largely buried under the distal Indus turbiditic sediments and therefore offers a fairly unique continuous high-resolution stratigraphic record of past regional tectonic events. Here we present the first multibeam map of the Owen Transform system. A remarkable transpressive ridge borders the active trace of the fault along most of its length. At the intersection with the Carlsberg Ridge, the Owen Transform marks an 11° bend characterized by ~1200 m of seafloor uplift.  Our preliminary interpretation of the seismic lines brings to light the key unconformities related to Global Plate Reorganization Events. Off the main fault, new data reveal the magmatic nature of the Varuna Bank and similar partially buried highs. These have likely grown in the very early stage of formation of the oceanic crust carrying them, although tectonic emplacement cannot be completely ruled out. Some of the highs show internal structure, which can be interpreted either as carbonate caps or layered volcanic formations. This dataset, combined with previous cruises, offers unprecedented coverage of a 1500 km-long transform corridor along the Arabia-India and India-Somalia plate boundaries.</p>

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN EAST COAST BASIN, NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.I. Uruski ◽  
B.D. Field ◽  
R. Funnell ◽  
C. Hollis ◽  
A. Nicol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Data Set ◽  
General Sequence ◽  
Thermal Models ◽  
The North

Oil production in the East Coast Basin began in the late 19th century from wildcat wells near oil seeps. By the mid-20th century, geology was being applied to oil exploration, but with little success. In the late 20th century, seismic techniques were added to the exploration arsenal and several gas discoveries were made. At each stage it was recognised that exploration in this difficult but tantalising basin required more information than was available. Continuing work by exploration companies, as well as by the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (GNS), has begun to reduce the risk of exploration. Source rocks have been identified and sophisticated thermal models show that petroleum is being generated and expelled from them as shown by numerous oil and gas seeps onshore. Many potential reservoir sequences have been recognised from outcrop studies and depositional models are being refined. All components of petroleum systems have been demonstrated to be present. The most important deficiency to date is the general lack of high-quality seismic data which would allow recognition of reservoir facies in the subsurface.During early 2005, Crown Minerals, the New Zealand government group charged with promoting and regulating oil and gas exploration, commissioned a high specification regional 2D survey intended to address some of the main data gaps in the offshore East Coast Basin. A broad grid was planned with several regional lines to be acquired with a 12,000 m streamer and infill lines to be acquired with a streamer 8,000 m long. It was expected that the long streamer would increase resolution of Paleogene and Cretaceous units. Several of the lines were actually acquired with a 4,000 m streamer due to unexpectedly high rates of unserviceability. The resulting 2,800 km data set consists of a series of northwest–southeast lines approximately orthogonal to the coast at a spacing of about 10 km as well as several long strike lines.GNS was contracted to produce a series of reports covering source rock distribution, a catalogue of reservoir rocks, a regional seismic interpretation, thermal models and structural reconstruction. The data package and reports are available free of charge to any interested exploration company to accompany the licensing round that was announced on 1 September 2005. The new data set has confirmed the existence of a large, little-deformed basin to the north of North Island and the Bay of Plenty; it has elucidated the complex structure of a large part of the East Coast Basin and has enabled generation of a general sequence stratigraphic model which assists in delineating reservoir targets. On 1 September 2005, the New Zealand government launched a licensing round covering about 43,000 km2 of the East Coast Basin, from the far offshore East Cape Ridge in the north to the northern Wairarapa coast in the south. Four blocks (I, J, K and L) were on offer for a competitive staged work programme bid, closing on 17 February 2006.

Capel and Faust basins—integrated geoscientific assessment of Australia's remote offshore eastern frontier

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 586
Author(s):  
Takehiko Hashimoto ◽  
Karen Higgins ◽  
Ron Hackney ◽  
Vaughan Stagpoole ◽  
Chris Uruski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Iterative Refinement ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Satellite Gravity

The paper discusses the results from the GA–302 2D seismic survey and GA–2436 (RV Tangaroa) marine reconnaissance survey over the Capel and Faust basins in the northern Tasman Sea. The integration of seismic, potential field and bathymetric data sets in 3D space at an early stage in the project workflow has assisted in the visualisation of the basin architecture, the interpolation of data between the seismic lines and the iterative refinement of interpretations. The data sets confirm the presence of multiple depocentres previously interpreted from satellite gravity data with a maximum sediment thickness of 5–7 km. Preliminary interpretation of the seismic data has identified two predominantly Cretaceous syn-rift and two Upper Cretaceous to Neogene sag megasequences overlying a heterogeneous pre-rift basement. The comparison of seismic facies and tectonostratigraphic history with offshore New Zealand and eastern Australian basins suggests the presence of possible Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous coaly and lacustrine source rocks in the pre-rift and syn-rift, and fluvio-deltaic to shallow marine reservoir rocks in the syn-rift to early post-rift successions. Preliminary 1D basin modelling suggests that the deeper depocentres of the Capel and Faust basins are within the oil and gas windows. Large potential stratigraphic and structural traps are also present.

Petroleum Potential of Rift Basins in Northern Somalia – A Fresh Look

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Witte ◽  
Daniel Trümpy ◽  
Jürgen Meßner ◽  
Hans Georg Babies
Keyword(s):  
Data Integration ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Rift Basins ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Sedimentary Fill ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
Economic Risks

ABSTRACT Several wells have encountered good oil shows in the rift basins of northern Somalia, however, without finding commercial hydrocarbons to date. It is widely accepted that these basins have a similar tectonic evolution and a comparable sedimentary fill as the highly productive rift basins in Yemen from which they have been separated by the opening of the Gulf of Aden (fully established in Mid Oligocene). We present new regional tectonic maps, new basement outcrop maps, a new structural transect and new play maps, specifically for the Odewayne, Nogal, Daroor and Socotra Basins. Digital terrain data, satellite images, surface geology maps (varying scales), oil seep/slick maps, potential data (gravity), well data from ~50 wells and data from scientific publications were compiled into a regional GIS-database, so that different data categories could be spatially analyzed. To set the tectonic framework, the outlines of the basins under investigation were re-mapped, paying particular attention to crystalline basement outcrops. A set of play maps was established. We recognize at least three source rocks, five reservoirs and at least three regional seals to be present in the area (not all continuously present). Numerous oil seeps are documented, particularly in the Nogal and Odewayne Basins, indicative of ongoing migration or re-migration. Data from exploration wells seem to further support the presence of active petroleum systems, especially in the central Nogal, western Nogal and central Daroor Basins. Our GIS-based data integration confirms that significant hydrocarbon potential remains in the established rift basins, such as the Nogal and Daroor Basins. Additionally, there are a number of less known satellite basins (on and offshore) which can be mapped out and that remain completely undrilled. All of these basins have to be considered frontier basins, due to their poorly understood geology, remoteness, marketing issues and missing oil infrastructure, making the economic risks significant. However, we believe that through acquisition of new seismic data, geochemical analysis, basin modelling and, ultimately, exploration drilling these risks can be mitigated to a point where the economic risks become acceptable. We encourage explorers to conduct regional basin analysis, data integration, a GIS-based approach and modern structural geology concepts to tackle key issues, such as trap architecture, structural timing, migration pathways and breaching risks.

Enterococci in the New Zealand environment: implications for water quality monitoring

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Anderson ◽  
S. J. Turner ◽  
G. D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

Faecal enterococci ecology outside the host is of great relevance when using these organisms as indicators of water quality. As a complement to New Zealand epidemiological studies of bathing water quality and health risk, a study of the environmental occurrence of these organisms has been undertaken. Specific concerns over the use of enterococci derive from the unique situation in New Zealand which has few chlorinated sewage effluents, a high ratio of grazing animals to humans, and significant inputs of animal processing effluents into the environment. Human and animal faecal wastes are the main sources, with 106–107cfu/100ml found in human sewage. Analysis of domestic and feral animal faeces found enterococci in the range of 101–106cfu/g with considerable variation between species. The latter observations support the notion that a considerable proportion of the load in urban/rural catchments and waterways (typically 102–103 enterococci cfu/100ml) is derived from non-human sources. Previous studies of enterococci quiescence in marine/fresh waters indicate that they enter a non-growth phase, exposure to sunlight markedly reducing culturability on selective and non-selective media. Enterococci were also found to survive/multiply within specific non-faecal environments. Enterococci on degrading drift seaweed at recreational beaches exceeded seawater levels by 2–4 orders of magnitude, suggesting that expansion had occurred in this permissive environment with resultant potential to contaminate adjacent sand and water. These studies suggest that multiple sources, environmental persistence, and environmental expansion of enterococci within selected niches add considerable complexity to the interpretation of water quality data.

Identification of Coronary Artery Disease using Artificial Neural Network and Case Based Reasoning

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun Sapra ◽  
M.L Saini ◽  
Luxmi Verma
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Case Based

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are increasing at an alarming rate with very high rate of mortality. Coronary artery disease is one of the type of cardiovascular disease, which is not easily diagnosed in its early stage. Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease is possible only if it is diagnosed, at early stage and proper medication is done. Objective: An effective diagnosis model is important not only for the early diagnosis but also to check the severity of the disease. Method: In this paper, a hybrid approach is followed, with the integration of deep learning (multi-layer perceptron) with Case based reasoning to design analytical framework. This paper suggests two phases of the study, one in which the patient is diagnosed for Coronary artery disease and in second phase, if the patient is suffering from the disease then employing Case based reasoning to diagnose the severity of the disease. In the first phase, multilayer perceptron is implemented on reduced dataset and with time-based learning for stochastic gradient descent respectively. Results: The classification accuracy is increase by 4.18 % with reduced data set using deep neural network with time based learning. In second phase, if the patient is diagnosed as positive for Coronary artery disease, then it triggers the Case based reasoning system to retrieve from the case base, the most similar case to predict the severity for that patient. The CBR model achieved 97.3% accuracy. Conclusion: The model can be very useful for medical practitioners as a supporting decision system and thus can save the patients from unnecessary medical expenses on costly tests and can improve the quality and effectiveness of medical treatment.

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