CORROSION INHIBITORS IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCING EQUIPMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Roy D. Stanphill ◽  
R.W. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Inhibitor Efficiency ◽  
Organic Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
The One ◽  
Specific Formulation ◽  
Selection Of

Most internal corrosive conditions found in oil and gas producing equipment can be controlled through the use of corrosion inhibitors. Organic corrosion inhibitor chemistry is now well known and inhibition mechanisms are understood. There are many good inhibitor formulations available today; so many, in fact, that the producer is faced with the problem of selecting the one best suited to his requirements. Many people depend solely on various types of comparative inhibitor efficiency tests in the laboratory to evaluate and select inhibitors for use under field conditions. These tests are important as relative screening tests, but the selection of a carefully planned application program for the specific formulation is equally important.

A Highly Effective Corrosion Inhibitor by Use of Gemini Imidazoline

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 1743-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Yang ◽  
Liyang Gao ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Wenlong Qin ◽  
Chengxian Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Co2 Corrosion ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Triethylene Tetramine

Summary Corrosion inhibitors are widely used to control corrosion under the sweet and sour environments in the oil and gas industry. More effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors need to be developed. This paper studies a new gemini imidazoline (GIM) corrosion inhibitor, in which two hydrocarbon chains and two head groups are linked by a rigid spacer. The GIM was synthesized through the reaction of oleic acid with triethylene tetramine at 2:1 molar ratio. The performance of the GIM on inhibition of carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion was evaluated by linear polarization resistance in sparged-beaker testing. Rotating-wheel testing was performed to evaluate the film persistency of the test inhibitors. The results showed that corrosion inhibition of the GIM was more effective at lower concentration than that of conventional imidazoline. The mixture of GIM and fatty acid also showed better film persistency than conventional imidazoline. The emulsion tendency of the GIM was less than that of conventional imidazoline. The mechanism of the highly effective GIM was studied. It showed that GIM has much-higher surface activity than conventional imidazoline. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of GIM is several times lower than that of conventional imidazoline. Hence, the new GIM corrosion inhibitor and its mixture give more-effective corrosion inhibition at low concentration; there is also a lesser environmental effect.

Corrosion Inhibition by a Caesalpinia Sappan L Modified Imidazoline for Carbon Steel API 5L Grade X60 in HCl 1M Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 929 ◽  
pp. 158-170
Author(s):  
Adam Septiyono Arlan ◽  
Norman Subekti ◽  
Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono ◽  
Andi Rustandi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Caesalpinia Sappan ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inhibition Performance ◽  
Green Corrosion Inhibitors

Acidizing is one of the stimulation technologies in the oil and gas industry by removing scale, rust, debris or other acid-soluble particulates on the pipe tubing internal surface. The most common acid used is HCl. To avoid problems such as pipe or casing tubing leak due to acidic corrosion, during the acidizing normally applied with inhibition treatment by inorganic corrosion inhibitor with various compositions including quaternary ammonium salts, solvent and often some surfactant to strip oil from acid reactive surfaces. However, most of these compounds are not only expensive but also toxic to the marine environment. It is an obvious remark to point out the importance of low cost, green corrosion inhibitors which is safe to the environment. The wood extract has become important as an environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable resource for wide range of inhibitors. A Caesalpinia Sappan L modified imidazoline has been synthesized and used as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in API 5L X60 in HCl 1M environment.The aim of the investigation is to find low dosage-high efficiency green corrosion inhibitor.The testing techniques include wheel test weight loss measurement, Tafel polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of weight loss studies correlated well with those of polarization and Impedance Spectroscopy. Inhibition performance for both Caesalpinia Sappan L modified imidazoline ( CS IMI) and Imidazoline (IMI) increases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The formulated Caesalpinia Sappan L modified imidazoline ( CS IMI), and Imidazoline (IMI) inhibitors give a greater than 90% inhibition efficiency with dosage 25 ppm at a temperature of 90-140°F. Caesalpinia Sappan L modified imidazoline (CS IMI), and Imidazoline (IMI) show comparable inhibition performance. However, at temperature 140oF, Imidazoline (IMI) seems to have a slightly better performance, indicating better thermal stability. Caesalpinia sappan bioactive agents are brazilein and chalcone, and its inhibition mechanism by physisorption obey Langmuir Isotherm, this mode will control charge transfer at surface metal and electrolyte.This result confirms that Caesalpinia sappan modified imidazoline is very promising for the development of green corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas application

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPLEX-ACTION REAGENT BASED ON TECHNOLOGICALLY COMPATIBLE DEMULSIFIERAND CORROSION INHIBITOR

2015 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
L. P. Semikhina ◽  
E. N. Moskvina ◽  
O. V. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Complex Action ◽  
Dielectric Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Oilfield Chemicals ◽  
Selection Of

The authors consider the problem of developing oilfield chemicals of complex action on the example of preparation of a composite from chemicals of different process action (demulsifiers for water-oil emulsions and metal corrosion inhibitors). Unlike the common practice of empirical selection of reagents for evaluation of their action effectiveness in the technological process the offered approaches are based on the possibility of reagents selection using the inductive dielectric method. It was found that the peaks tgδ, detected by the inductive method, the most suitable for using in the complex-action composite technologically compatible oilfield chemicals, should be observed at almost equal in value frequencies. It was shown that the developed mixture of a demulsifier with a corrosion inhibitor simultaneously exhibits much higher efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor and a demulsifier, i.e. the mixture obtained is a complex-action agent.

Development of Improved Corrosion Inhibitors for Ammonia-Water Absorption Heat Pumps

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Hannon ◽  
J. Gerstmann ◽  
F. B. Mansfeld ◽  
Z. N. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Ammonia Decomposition ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Ammonia Water ◽  
Surface Pretreatment ◽  
Steel Surfaces

Abstract This paper describes the initial results of a research project to develop an improved corrosion inhibitor for the protection of carbon steel surfaces of ammonia-water absorption heat pumps and chillers using rare earth metal salt (REMS) compounds. Chromate compounds are currently used as corrosion inhibitors, but they are toxic, environmentally harmful, and their use is being phased out in many localities. An effective corrosion inhibitor is needed to make advanced ammonia-water absorption heat pump and chiller systems practical. Low-temperature screening tests were conducted to evaluate the potential of cerium salts, a class of REMS compounds, to act as an inhibitor for steel in ammonia-water solutions. Successful results from these tests led to high-temperature (HT) testing in an innovative test apparatus, which simulated a range of temperatures, ammonia concentrations, and phases typically found in ammonia-water absorption systems. HT testing further demonstrated the effectiveness of cerium nitrate as a corrosion inhibitor, and suggested that it may outperform the Chromate compounds currently used. An additional outcome of the project was the successful demonstration of a cerium based surface pretreatment procedure, termed cerating, as an additional corrosion protection feature. Cerated surfaces will prevent corrosion of steel surfaces and ammonia decomposition at steel surfaces. These results have lead to the concept of a dual corrosion protection strategy utilizing a cerium based solution inhibitor with a cerating surface pretreatment to prevent both corrosion and ammonia decomposition. This approach is presently being pursued in a more intensive study.

scholarly journals Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Technological Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-160
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Acid Pickling ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Concrete Coating ◽  
Green Corrosion Inhibitors

Corrosion is an inevitable fact of day-to-day life, and however, because of its technological, economic, and aesthetic significance, it always receives much attention. Most of the corrosion inhibitors are environmentally harmful and toxic synthetic chemicals. In view of the toxicity of the inhibitors, the search for an eco-friendly and non-toxic corrosion inhibitor is of great interest. Green corrosion inhibitors are of concern because of increased awareness and improvements in regulations related to the environment because of their toxicity, restrict regular corrosion inhibitors. The extracts of natural products contain compounds having oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Such elements facilitate compounds to absorb on the surface of metal, forming a protective film to prevent corrosion. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive study of technological applications of green corrosion inhibitors in different industries, such as reinforced concrete, coating, aircraft, oil and gas, acid pickling, and water industry.

Anti-Corrosion Properties of the Reactive Anode and Cathode Inhibitor by Electrochemical Treatment in Aqueous

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Han Seung Lee ◽  
Hwa Sung Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Concrete Structure ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Passive State ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Organic Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibition Performance

The durability of a concrete structure is most significantly influenced by the corrosion of reinforcing bars, rather than by the deterioration of concrete itself. The corrosion of reinforcement bars due to chloride serves as a main deterioration factor at the interface between the bars and the concrete in the concrete structure. Accordingly, the corrosion inhibitors are widely used to improve the resistance to chloride penetration into reinforced concrete. Corrosion inhibitors are generally divided into the anode-type inorganic inhibitors and anode-cathode-type organic inhibitors, in terms of the reaction type. It is known that when the Cl-:OH- concentration ratio exceeds 0.6%, film on passive state metal on the bar-concrete interface is damaged and local corrosion starts regardless of the chloride ion content. In this study, the performance of the corrosion inhibitor was examined using a potentiostat, with chloride ion contents of 1.2kg/m3 (as reference), 2.4kg/m3, and 4.8kg/m3. The variables were the inhibitor type, Cl-:OH- molar ratio according to the addition of anode-type inorganic corrosion inhibitor (four ratios: 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%), and ratio compared to the standard anode-cathode-type organic corrosion inhibitor liquid (four ratios: 0.0, norm 1/2, norm, norm 2 times). As a result, with the anode-type inorganic nitrite corrosion inhibitor, the corrosion inhibition performance was verified with a corrosion potential of -0.30V at a molar ratio of 0.3% or higher when the chloride ion content was 1.2kg/m3, and at a molar ratio of 0.6% or higher when the chloride ion content was 2.4kg/m3 or 4.8kg/m3. With the anode-cathode-type organic corrosion inhibitor, the corrosion inhibition performance was very good at half the standard quantity (0.42kg/m3) regardless of the chloride ion content. From the added corrosion inhibitor quantities, the anode-cathode-type organic corrosion inhibitor had a better corrosion inhibition performance than the anode-type inorganic nitrite corrosion inhibitor.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots

2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Production Output ◽  
The One ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Partial Destruction

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

Costumes and Choreography from Bodenwieser's Trunk: The Coat as Affective Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Rachel Fensham
Keyword(s):  
Modern Dance ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Cain And Abel ◽  
Embodied Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Selection Of

The Viennese modern choreographer Gertrud Bodenwieser's black coat leads to an analysis of her choreography in four main phases – the early European career; the rise of Nazism; war's brutality; and postwar attempts at reconciliation. Utilising archival and embodied research, the article focuses on a selection of Bodenwieser costumes that survived her journey from Vienna, or were remade in Australia, and their role in the dramaturgy of works such as Swinging Bells (1926), The Masks of Lucifer (1936, 1944), Cain and Abel (1940) and The One and the Many (1946). In addition to dance history, costume studies provides a distinctive way to engage with the question of what remains of performance, and what survives of the historical conditions and experience of modern dance-drama. Throughout, Hannah Arendt's book The Human Condition (1958) provides a critical guide to the acts of reconstruction undertaken by Bodenwieser as an émigré choreographer in the practice of her craft, and its ‘materializing reification’ of creative thought. As a study in affective memory, information regarding Bodenwieser's personal life becomes interwoven with the author's response to the material evidence of costumes, oral histories and documents located in various Australian archives. By resurrecting the ‘dead letters’ of this choreography, the article therefore considers how dance costumes offer the trace of an artistic resistance to totalitarianism.

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