scholarly journals Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Sonya T Olykan ◽  
Richard J Lucas ◽  
Carmen SP Teixeira ◽  
Richard A Subtil ◽  
Derrick J Moot
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
Mackenzie Basin ◽  
High Aluminium

The ‘Red Flats’ on Omarama Station in the Mackenzie Basin, has a winter cold, summer dry environment and soils with low plant available water (<60 mm in the top 1 m), and low pH(H2O) (5.2) and high aluminium (8 mg/kg) below 75 mm. The site received 3 t of lime, 300 kg sulphur-super, boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and herbicides to eliminate hieracium (Hieracium pilosella). Twelve cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneaum), ‘Bolta’ balansa clover (T. michelianum), and perennial ‘Rossi’ red clover (T. pratense), were direct-drilled in February 2016. Over the next 3 years their frost tolerance, productivity and persistence were compared with the resident haresfoot clover (T. arvense). Balansa and the subterranean clovers all survived the 2016 and 2017 winters. The subterranean clovers maximum yield was 4.3 t DM/ ha after successful germination in February 2016 when sufficient rain extended the spring growing season into November. Subterranean clover cultivars from subspecies subterraneum yielded well in 2016, averaging 3.3 t DM/ha, as did the brachycalycinum ‘Antas’ with 3 t DM/ha. During the short season of 2017, the subterraneum ssp. cultivars ‘Denmark’ and ‘Karridale’ established the highest ground covers and ‘Antas’ the lowest. In 2018, ‘Antas’ had the lowest emergence rate and autumn yield. ‘Karridale’ had the highest re-establishment rate and the yanninicum ‘Trikkala’ the highest autumn yield (1.3 t DM/ha). Cultivars with low hardseededness ratings were the most successful at re-establishment in autumn 2017. Balansa clover was also persistent. In the favourable 2016 growing season the late-flowering resident haresfoot clover grew into early summer and yielded 3.7 t DM/ha. Red clover yielded 1 t DM/ha in 2016, but did not persist. Results suggest that medium-late flowering softer seeded subterranean clover cultivars and ‘Bolta’ balansa clover, are suitable for this environment.

Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Total rates of N applied in the first year of the experiments were 0, 60, 120, 160, 200 and 320 kg N/ha, which were adjusted in subsequent years as detailed in the ‘Materials and methods’ section of this paper. The pastures in the experiments were rotationally grazed, by starting grazing when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. The amount of pasture DM on each plot was measured before and after each grazing and was then used to estimate the amount of pasture DM consumed by the cows at each grazing for different times during the growing season. Linear increases (responses) of pasture DM to applied N occurred throughout the whole growing season when a total of up to 320 kg N/ha was applied in each year. No maximum yield plateaus were defined. Across all three experiments and years, on average in each year, a total of ~5 t/ha consumed DM was produced when no N was applied and ~7.5 t/ha was produced when a total of 200 kg N/ha was applied, giving ~2.5 t/ha increase in DM consumed and an N response efficiency of ~12.5 kg DM N/kg applied. As more fertiliser N was applied, the proportion of ryegrass in the pasture consistently increased, whereas clover content decreased. Concentrations of nitrate-N in the DM consistently increased as more N was applied, whereas concentrations of total N, and, therefore, concentration of crude protein in the DM, either increased or were unaffected by applied N. Application of N had no effect on concentrations of other mineral elements in DM and on dry matter digestibility and metabolisable energy of the DM. The results were generally consistent with findings of previous pasture N studies for perennial and annual temperate and subtropical pastures. We have shown that when pasture use for milk production has been maximised in the region, it is profitable to apply fertiliser N to grow extra DM consumed by dairy cows; conversely, it is a waste of money to apply N to undergrazed pastures to produce more unused DM.

Reduction in the seed reserve of subterranean clover following the application of 2,4-D amine, dicamba, dicamba plus MCPA amine or glyphosate in spring

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
PM Schroder ◽  
PJ Stapleton
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Clover Seed

The reduction in the net seed set by subterranean clover (mostly cv. Mount Barker), and hence the size of the seed reserve, was assessed at sites near Hamilton, Victoria, following the application of dicamba, 2,4-D amine, a mixture of dicarnba and 2,4-D amine, or glyphosate, applied at early, mid or late flowering. Similar measurements were made on pastures dominated by cv. Yarloop near Seymour, Victoria, where either 2,4-D amine or a mixture of dicamba plus MCPA amine was applied at mid flowering. The experiments were conducted in 1984 and 1985 in both districts. At Hamilton, the clover seed reserve was 147 kg/ha before the treatments were applied. By early summer, the average seed reserve was 511 kg/ha where no herbicide was used and 211, 343 and 318 kg/ha where dicamba, 2,4-D mine or glyphosate were applied. The average reduction in net seed set for these 3 treatments was 80, 46 and 39%, respectively. Applying 2,4-D arnine in addition to dicamba did not cause a further significant reduction in the seed reserve. The earlier in the flowering stage the herbicide was applied, the greater the reduction in net seed set, and so the smaller the final seed reserve. At Seymour, the Yarloop clover seed reserve was 246 kg/ha before the treatments were applied. The average Yarloop seed reserve by early summer was 754 kg/ha where no herbicide was used, 335 kg/ha where dicamba plus MCPA arnine was applied and 365 kg/ha where 2,4-D amine was applied. The average reduction in the net seed set for the 2 herbicides was 83 and 77%. This work indicates that no seed will be added to the seed reserve of Mount Barker or Yarloop subterranean clover if dicamba is applied at 1.0 L/ha before the clover reaches the mid flowering stage. As cultivars differ in their susceptibility to herbicides, extending these results to other cultivars needs to be done with caution.

The effect of grazing on a perennial veldt grass, subterranean clover pasture

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Clover Pasture

The results of a grazing trial with Merino wether sheep on perennial veldt grass with subterranean clover are presented. During the four years 1944-45 to 1947-48 total pasture production under continuous grazing was almost identical with that under rotational grazing (one week's grazing followed by five weeks' rest). No consistent treatment differences were observed in sheep body-weight trends. In each year the weights increased during the growing season, remained stationary during early summer, and declined in late summer. The contribution of the perennial grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) declined rapidly with time, though more so under continuous grazing. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of subterranean clover in the sward. The lack of persistence of Ehrharta calycina is attributed to selective grazing, together with susceptibility to drastic defoliation. Alternative schemes for the use of this grass, involving restricted winter grazing, are suggested.

Arrowleaf clover improves lamb growth rates in late spring and early summer compared with subterranean clover pastures in south-west Victoria

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Thompson ◽  
A. J. Kennedy ◽  
J. Holmes ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
South West ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Lamb Growth

The profitable production of lamb from pasture-based systems is dependent on high levels of pasture production being efficiently utilised by sheep of superior genetic merit. Pastures that can extend the pasture-growing season and provide high quality feed in late spring and summer have the potential to increase production efficiency and the proportion of lambs that meet market specifications. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that arrowleaf clover (cv. Arrotas), a cultivar selected for late maturity, would supply feed of higher nutritive value than conventional annual legumes and perennial ryegrass mixtures during December and January and this would improve lamb growth rates over this period. Two experiments were conducted to compare the nutritive value of pasture and growth rates of lambs grazing arrowleaf clover, subterranean clover (cv. Leura) or subterranean clover/perennial ryegrass mixtures at different stocking rates during late spring and early summer in south-west Victoria. In the second experiment an arrowleaf clover/perennial ryegrass treatment was also included. Lambs were removed from the plots when they could no longer maintain liveweight. Arrowleaf clover extended the growing season by 4–6 weeks and provided feed of significantly higher digestibility than subterranean clover during December and January. The digestibility of arrowleaf and perennial ryegrass was comparable, but arrowleaf had significantly higher crude protein content during this period. Lambs grazing arrowleaf clover at stocking rates up to 24 lambs/ha grew at or above 100 g/day until the end of January, whereas lambs grazing subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass mixed pastures could not maintain weight by mid-to-late December in both years and were removed from the pastures. At the highest stocking rates total lamb production from arrowleaf clover monoculture pastures in late spring and early summer was ~400 kg liveweight/ha, and was more than double that achieved from the subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass/subterranean clover mixed pastures. The perennial ryegrass/arrowleaf clover mixed pastures in the second experiment produced a similar quantity of lamb per hectare as the arrowleaf clover monoculture pastures at the same stocking rate. In this paper we demonstrated that late-maturing arrowleaf clover can be a profitable, special purpose lamb-finishing pasture. Arrowleaf clover was most suited to more elevated parts of the landscape where estimated carrying capacity was 20 to 40% greater than that from lower lying parts of the landscape that were more subject to water logging and weed infestation. The risks of including arrowleaf clover pastures into the farming system could be reduced by direct drilling arrowleaf clover, which has relatively poor winter production, into existing perennial ryegrass pastures.

A REVIEW OF 10 YEARS' RESEARCH WITH RED CLOVERS UNDER GRAZING IN SOUTHLAND

1989 ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
R.J.M. Hay ◽  
D.L. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Summer Growth

In a series of trials at Grasslands Gore, over 10 years, the late-flowering tetraploid red clover 'Grassland Pawera' was more productive and persistent than other red clover cultivars. The strong summer growth of Pawera meets the need for heavy-weight lamb feed and high quality forage for conservation in intensive sheep farming systems in Southland. Lenient. infrequent defoliation is necessary to maximise DM production and persistence of Pawera. The most compatible of the grasses evaluated was 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue. However, 'Grasslands Nui' ryegrass will still be the major grass sown with Pawera owing to its widespread acceptance. In ryegrass mixtures, sowing rates of 5-7 kg/ha of red clover were needed to optimise establishment and subsequent yield. Evidence of oestrogenic activity of Pewera to sheep prompted Grasslands Division to select within Pawera for a low formononetin cultivar. Keywords: red clover, Pawera. Hamua, Turoa. G21. G22, G27. oestrogenic activity, Nui ryegrass, Roa tall fescue, Maru phalaris. Southland, sheep grazing, frequency, intensity, quality. seasonal growth

The effects of grazing on the phosphorus requirement of an annual pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Root Size

The applied phosphorus requirement of a pasture sown to subterranean clover was measured with and without grazing. Under moderate grazing pressure, in the year of establishment, the pasture required about 50 % more phosphorus than when ungrazed. In the following season, at a higher stocking rate, the grazed areas needed twice as much phosphorus as the ungrazed to make 90% of their maximum growth. In both years this difference in requirement between stocked and unstocked treatments was present throughout the growing season. Increased phosphorus requirement under grazing is associated with the need for greater uptake of phosphorus under conditions where redistribution of absorbed phosphorus within the plant is prevented by defoliation. It does not appear to be due to effects of defoliation on root size. Nor does it depend on differential light interception or on changes in botanical composition.

Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenic potential in the pasture legume biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidhyut Kumar Banik ◽  
Zoey Durmic ◽  
William Erskine ◽  
Phillip Nichols ◽  
Kioumars Ghamkhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Pasture Legume

Biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) is an important annual pasture legume for the wheatbelt of southern Australia and has been found to have lower levels of methane output than other pasture legumes when fermented by rumen microbes. Thirty accessions of the biserrula core germplasm collection were grown in the glasshouse to examine intra-specific variability in in vitro rumen fermentation, including methane output. One biserrula cultivar (Casbah) was also grown at two field locations to confirm that low methanogenic potential was present in field-grown samples. All of the biserrula accessions had significantly reduced methane [range 0.5–8.4 mL/g dry matter (DM)] output compared with subterranean clover (28.4 mL/g DM) and red clover (36.1 mL/g DM). There was also significant variation in fermentability profiles (except for volatile fatty acids) among accessions of the core collection. Methanogenic potential exhibited 86% broad-sense heritability within the biserrula core collection. The anti-methanogenic and gas-suppressing effect of biserrula was also confirmed in samples grown in the field. In conclusion, biserrula showed variability in in vitro fermentation traits including reduced methane production compared with controls. This bioactivity of biserrula also persists in the field, indicating scope for further selection of biserrula as an elite methane-mitigating pasture.

Distribution and variability in development of the genus Trigonella in Asia Minor and its possible use in Australian environments

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Halloran ◽  
AL Pennell
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Autumn Sowing

A number of Trigonella species were examined for their possible use in Australian environments. There was a wide variability in flowering time in Trigonella. Under an outdoor autumn sowing the range in flowering time was comparable with that found within early- to late-flowering Australian commercial cultivars of subterranean clover. The upper level of vernalization response was much lower in Trigonella than in subterranean clover. Good prospects exist within Trigonella for selecting genotypes with close adaptation (in terms of appropriate developmental patterns) to a range of Australian environments, a range at least as wide as that now occupied by subterranean clover and annual medic.

scholarly journals Pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country

2013 ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
G.B. Douglas ◽  
C.A. Cameron ◽  
T.J. Fraser ◽  
R.A. Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
One Year ◽  
North And South

To determine the best method of pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country (>20o slope), four treatments were compared in one year on north and south aspects at four sites with contrasting climates and soil types. Sites were located in Waikato (1), Hawke's Bay (2) and Canterbury (1). The treatments included seed mix (grasses, legumes and herbs (GLH); legumes only (LEG)) and sowing time (spring; autumn). Six weeks after sowing, seedling establishment, as a percentage of viable seeds sown, was: i) greater on south than north aspects for perennial ryegrass (31% vs 18%) and birdsfoot trefoil (5% vs 4%); ii) greater for total sown species (14% vs 8%), subterranean clover (7% vs 4%) and red clover (25% vs 14%) in the GLH than LEG mix, but greater for white clover in the LEG than GLH mix (17% vs 8%); iii) greater in autumn than spring for perennial ryegrass (36% vs 13%) and total sown grasses (22% vs 9%) but greater in spring than autumn for lotus (6% vs 3%). Plantain established well in spring in summer-wet environments, while in summer-dry environments establishment was greater in autumn. Broadcasting seed on south aspects during autumn is likely to result in the highest establishment of sown grasses and legumes, but not necessarily of herbs. The trials were conducted in an unusually wet season. Repeating a subset of the treatments at these sites will provide a greater understanding of responses to climatic variation. Keywords: pasture renewal; pasture establishment; pasture mixtures; oversowing.

Behaviour, habitat associations, and intrasexual differences of female Stone’s sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B.D. Walker ◽  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Lichen Cover ◽  
Ovis Dalli ◽  
Maternal Status

Stone’s sheep ( Ovis dalli stonei Allen, 1897) in northern British Columbia segregate sexually during most of the year, and intrasexually between maternal and nonmaternal females during spring and early summer. Our objective was to quantify intrasexual habitat use of female Stone’s sheep relative to maternal status using measures of behaviour and habitat use. We reviewed three hypotheses of intersexual segregation (predation-risk, forage-selection, and activity-budget hypotheses) to determine if they also explained intrasexual segregation of female Stone’s sheep. Female Stone’s sheep spent the majority of their active time foraging. Nursery groups spent shorter durations of time active, more time active in solid rock escape features, and less time active in shrub habitat than nonmaternal groups. The best predictive model describing intrasexual differences incorporated distance to nearest escape feature and size of nearest escape feature. Regardless of maternal status, female Stone’s sheep used low-elevation plant communities early in the growing season that were characterized by more shrub species and increased cover. As the growing season progressed, they tracked a phenological stage, moving up in elevation and associating with communities that contained increasing amounts of moss and lichen cover. The patterns in behaviour, habitat use, and vegetation associations between intrasexual groups of Stone’s sheep were best characterized by the predation-risk hypothesis.

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