Pengaruh priming terhadap vigor benih kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merril.) yang dikecambahkan pada media dengan cekaman alumunium

Kandungan aluminium yang tinggi pada tanah Ultisol merupakan salah satu masalah utama dalam budidaya tanaman kedelai mulai dari fase perkecambahan hingga pertumbuhan tanaman. Perlakuan priming pada benih diyakini mampu memperbaiki perkecambahan pada lingkungan yang kurang menguntungkan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh priming pada perkecambahan benih kedelai yang dikecambahkan dalam media masam dan mengandung aluminium. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah jenis priming : tanpa priming, H2O (air), KNO3 1%, KNO3 2%, GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, dan PEG 6000 7,5%. Faktor kedua adalah varietas kedelai yaitu: Anjasmoro, Burangrang, dan Grobogan. Data dianalisis sidik ragamnya dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) 5% menggunakan program statistika R Studio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan priming PEG 7,5% dan varietas Burangrang secara mandiri merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk meningkatkan vigor benih kedelai berdasarkan variabel waktu muncul kecambah, kecepatan perkecambahan, dan panjang hipokotil. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah PEG 7,5% dapat digunakan untuk perbaikan perkecambahan pada tanah masam dengan kandungan aluminium yang relatif tinggi. High aluminium content in Ultisol is the main problem in soybean cultivation from germination to planting growth phases.Priming treatment is believed to improve seed germination in a poor-growing environment. This study aimed to determine the effect of priming of soybean seeds germinated under acid medium and aluminium stress. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial pattern. The first factor was priming type : no priming, H2O (water), 1% KNO3, 2% KNO3, 50 ppm GA3, 100 ppm GA3, and 7.5% PEG 6000. The second factor was soybean variety : Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Grobogan. The data obtained were analyzed using the R Studio statistic program with a 5% HSD test. The study resulted that each PEG 7.5% priming and Burangrang variety independently was the best in increasing soybean seed vigor based on sprout time emergence, germination speed and hypocotyl length. This research implicates that PEG 7.5% can be used to improve seed germination on acid soils with high aluminium content.

Artificial Inclusion Environments—Replicating Industry in the Laboratory

The authors present a series of complementary test methods which were developed and used to investigate reactions between high aluminium steel and silica rich inclusions. Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) cause many defects in the final steel product, therefore the ability to track their size, morphology and composition and correlate this with fundamental reaction kinetics provides important knowledge to support the production of clean quality steel products. Novel steel grades such as TRIP, TWIP and low-density steels have high aluminium contents; aluminium is a readily oxidisable species presenting the potential for instability and excessive reaction with commonly used mould powders that contain silica. A novel combination of techniques including HT-CLSM (High-Temperature Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope), XCT (X-ray computed tomography) and SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy/electron dispersive spectroscopy) have been used to study the interaction of entrained mould powder inclusions with steel at high temperatures simulating industrial conditions. This report presents a discussion on the development of techniques and samples to achieve representative and repeatable results that can provide information on the complex chemical and physical interaction phenomena with confidence. Each experimental technique had its own learning points and consequent results. Outcomes presented include possible confirmation of the chemical reaction rate controlling step being aluminium mass transfer; heterogeneous local environmental conditions including fluidity and chemical composition; and occurrence of spontaneous emulsification where the mould powder inclusion breaks apart into a cloud of smaller fragments.

Aluminium release and fluid warming: provocational setting and devices at risk

Background Fluid warming, recommended for fluid rates of > 500 ml h-1, is an integral part of patient temperature management strategies. Fluid warming devices using an uncoated aluminium containing heating element have been reported to liberate aluminium resulting in critical aluminium concentrations in heated fluids. We investigated saline solution (0.9%), artificially spiked with organic acids to determine the influence of fluid composition on aluminium release using the uncoated enFlow® device. Additionally, the Level1® as a high volume fluid warming device and the ThermoSens® device were investigated with artificial spiked fluid at high risk for aluminum release and a clinically used crystalloid solution. Results Saline solution spiked with lactate more than acetate, especially at a non neutral pH, led to high aluminium release. Next to the enFlow® device, aluminium release was observed for the Level1® device, but not for the coated ThermoSens®-device. Conclusion Uncoated aluminium containing fluid warming devices lead to potentially toxic levels of aluminium in heated fluids, especially in fluids with non-neutral pH containing organic acids and their salts like balanced electrolyte solutions.

Minerals in Foodstuffs : Aluminium in foodstuffs

The paper deals with questions of aluminium, which concentration can be significant in plants, although it is not an essential element. The concentration of aluminium of tea leaves is extremely high. The concentration of aluminium of plants strongly depends on the pH-value of the soil, if the level of acidity in the soil is high, the Al-content of the soil-solution is also high, causing P-deficiency for plants. The intake of aluminium of the humans is a function of the ratio of consumption of plant and animal origin foodstuffs. The aluminium content of animal origin foodstuffs – because of low level absorption rate of aluminium is rather low – so the concentration range of milk of aluminium is low. After the macroelements the aluminium is the metallic micro element which it’s daily intake generally the highest in the human diet, approximately between 30 and 50 mg. The too high aluminium uptake in the diet can produce various healthy disorders in the human body, and probably there is a connection between Al-intake and Alzheimer-disease and the old age dementia, as well (The association between aluminium uptake and Alzheimer’s disease is disputed by several sources in the literature; the Editor).

High Aluminium Concentration and Soil Acid Saturation Reduce Germination, Emergence and Seedling Establishment of Groundnut

Studies on crop responses to soil acidity have largely neglected the germination and seedling establishment stages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil acidity, including aluminium per se and acid saturation, on germination, emergence and establishment of groundnut seeds. Germination was carried out on groundnut cultivars Harts, Jasper and Rambo under 0, 50, 100 and 200 μM Al applied as Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O at pH between 4.2 and 4.5. Seedling emergence and establishment were examined in 0, 3 and 6 g of dolomitic lime per kg of soil, representing control, 50% lime requirement and 100% lime requirement, respectively. High Al concentration of 200 μM reduced germination, germination velocity index and seminal root length but had no influence on mean germination time of all groundnut cultivars. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) in seedling emergence between non-limed and limed soils. Root length and mass were significantly (P<0.05) reduced at high soil acidity but the cultivar Rambo was least susceptible. We conclude that the germination, emergence and establishment stages were negatively affected by high Al levels and acid saturation but the cultivars showed different tolerance levels to high acid saturation, and proper liming can ameliorate the problems associated with these growth stages. Key words: acid saturation, aluminium, establishment, peanuts, tolerance

Suspected alimentary poisoning by aluminium phosphide in horses – a case report

In November 2018, a horse owner from the Czech Republic experienced the loss of two of his stallions in consequence of probable poisoning. The affected animals were kept in the stable only. The mares, which were grazing on pasture during the day, were not affected. All the animals were fed the same type of feed. The day before the animals became sick, between 15:00 to 19:00 h the stable was not secured against the entry of strangers. When the mares were brought back to the stable and all animals were closed and locked for the night, no signs of health issues were observed. In the following morning, the two stallions were found in lateral recumbency with seizure attacks. Despite symptomatic treatment (infusion with saline, flunixine meglumine, activated charcoal) and applications of myorelaxants, the symptoms persisted until the afternoon, and the owner agreed with euthanasia. Based on the clinical signs and pathological examination, poisoning by pesticides was suspected. The results of toxicological analyses revealed that carbofuran, metaldehyde, and strychnine were not responsible for the poisoning as they were not detected in the samples. The only positive finding was a high aluminium concentration in the stomach content, liver and kidney samples. Based on the observed symptoms and the high aluminium concentration, it was presumed that aluminium phosphide could be the source of poisoning. As there was no evidence of the possession of such product by the horse breeder and the stable stayed unsupervised for a few hours, intentional poisoning cannot be excluded.