Seed size as a factor in the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) under spaced and sward conditions

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Significant Difference

The significance of seed weight in the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) , of the Bacchus Marsh strain, has been assessed under both spaced plant and sward conditions at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. Under conditions of spacing, plants of three widely separated seed size grades were grown a t a density of 1 per 25 sq. links. The dry weights of the plants were proportional to seed weight from the time of sowing (in May) till the end of October – over almost the entire growing period of the crop. Three sets of swards were grown a t a density of 25 plants per sq. link, each sward being planted with seed of one of the three sizes. Dry weight was proportional to seed weight in the early part of the season but when the swards reached a leaf area index of about 4 (i.e. when there were 4 sq. links of leaf surface on 1 sq. link of ground), a reduction in growth rate occurred. This critical leaf area index was reached first in "large seed" swards, followed later by "medium seed" and finally by "small seed" swards. Thus there was a period in which the swards were growing at different rates, and in which the dry weights came to parity, so that on the final sampling occasion (in December) there was no significant difference between the dry weights of the swards from the three seed sizes. It is concluded that a t a leaf area index of about 4, interception of incident light energy is complete.

Competition between plants of different initial seed sizes in swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with particular reference to leaf area and the light microclimate

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Sampling Occasion ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Initial Seed

A study was made of the development and fate of individual plants growing from contrasting seed sizes in swards of subterranean clover (var. Bacchus Marsh). Three sets of swards were grown in boxes, from large, small, and mixed (large and small) seeds respectively, all sown at the same number of plants per unit area; the swards were harvested on five occasions. Leaf area in each 2 cm layer of the sward was determined separately and measurements of the light intensity reaching each layer were obtained at each harvest. Counts of the plants on each occasion revealed a steady drop of about 30 per cent. over the whole period; in the "mixed" swards, only plants from small seed sizes died, the number of large-seeded plants remaining unchanged. The data of leaf area and numbers in each layer showed that leaf area is concentrated in a relatively shallow band at the top of the sward, the area attained by individual leaves increasing with height in the sward and with time. Leaves are not retained in the canopy at heights below that at which light extinction occurs. An unexpected finding was that, as the sward developed, the leaf area index (the ratio of leaf area to ground covered) required for the absorption of all incident light energy increases, and it is suggested that this is due to changes in leaf morphology. The importance of the position at which leaves of individual plants are held in the canopy is stressed; although at the first sampling occasion, the small-seeded plants had 25 per cent. of the leaf area of the mixed sward, they were so located as to absorb only 10 per cent. of the incident light energy; at the last sampling occasion, the values were 10 and 2 per cent. respectively. It is concluded that the disappearance of the small-seeded plants from the mixed swards was due to shading from the large-seeded plants.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

scholarly journals Nutrient management on leaf area index of potato-mungbean- T. aman rice cropping pattern

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAH S Jahan ◽  
MAR Sarkar ◽  
M Salim
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Linear Relationship

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Wheat Research Centre of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh for 2 consecutive years during 2006-07 and 2007-08. The objective was to find out the optimum nutrient management practice on leaf area index of each component crop of potato-mungbean-T. Aman rice cropping pattern. Twelve nutrient management treatments were tested in RCBD with 3 replications. Treatments combination based on cropping pattern were T1=HYG (0-198-44- 194-24-6-1.2 for potato; 0-24-40-48-24-3-1.2 for mungbean ; 0-80-16-44-12-2-0 for T.Aman rice ), T2=MYG (0-140-34-138-18-4.5-0.9 for potato; 0-20-36-40- 20-2-1 for mungbean ; 0-56-12-32-8-1.5-0 for T.Aman rice), T3=IPNS (10000- 168-38-170-18-6-1.2 for potato ; 5000-9-37-36-21-3-1.2 for mungbean ; 5000- 65-13-32-9-2-0 for T.Aman rice), T4=STB (0-171-40-164-22-5-1 for potato; 0- 20-36-40-22-2-1 for mungbean ; 0-68-15-37-11-2-0 for T.Aman rice), T5=FP (0- 97-16-91-0-0-0 for potato ; 0-6-5-4-0-0-0 for mungbean ; 0-39-37-12-0-0-0 for T.Aman rice), T6=CON (0-0-0-0-0-0-0 for potato, mungbean and T.Aman rice) kg/ha CDNPKSZnB, T7=HYG+CRI, T8=MYG+CRI, T9=IPNS+CRI, T10=STB+CRI, T11=FP+CRI, T12=CON+CRI for potato-mungbean T.Aman rice cropping pattern, respectively. Average of two years data showed that HYG+CRI treatment gave maximum LAI followed by HYG, IPNS+CRI, IPNS, STB+CRI, and STB treatments at 60 days after planting (DAP) for potato, at 50 days after sowing (DAS) for mungbean, at 60 days after transplanting (DAT) for T.Aman rice, respectively. For potato, there was a significant (p?0.01) and positive linear relation between the LAI at 60 DAP and the tuber yield. While there was a significant (p?0.01) and positive linear relationship between the LAI at 50 DAS and seed yield of mungbean. In case of T.Aman rice, there was a significant (p?0.05) as well as positive linear relationship between the LAI at 60 DAT and the grain yield of rice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21994 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(3): 515-527, September 2014

scholarly journals Carbon Storage of some Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) Clones in HEVECAM’s Plantations in South Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menoh A Ngon René ◽  
Tsoata Esaïe ◽  
Tsouga Manga Milie Lionelle ◽  
Owona Ndongo Pierre-André
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Tree

The objective of this work was to estimate the quantity of carbon stored by four main clones of rubber tree cultivated in South Cameroon: GT 1, PB 217, PR 107 and RRIC 100. The forest inventory method was used to measure trees morphological parameters, the latter used to calculate carbon storage using the allometric equation of Wauters et al., (2008). The main morphological parameters measured were: leaf area index (LAI), circumference (C), diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height (h). Comparing the morphological parameters of clones two by two using a Dunn test, we observe significant differences in the circumference, the diameter and even very significant in the leaf area index, but not in the height. The clones GT 1, PR 107, PB 217, and RRIC 100 stored on average: 111.05 tC / ha, 150.18 tC / ha, 165.25 tC / ha, and 187.25 tC/ha respectively. A significant difference was established between the means of carbon storage of the clones GT 1 and PB 217 (p = 0.0488) on one hand and, that of the clones GT 1 and RRIC 100 (p = 0.0240), on the other hand. These results are an estimation of models, further research can be undertaken for exact measurements.

Compost effects on leaf area index and seed production enhancement in an important arid land leguminous tree Acacia tortilis subsp. Raddiana

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Elfeel ◽  
R. A. Abohassan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Higher Doses

This study aimed to investigate the effects of compost addition on leaf area index (LAI), diameter growth and enhancement of seed production and quality in Acacia tortilis established under supplementary drip irrigation. Three composted fertilizer doses (2.5 kg, 5 kg and 7.5 kg/ tree) were compared to NPK (18-18-5 at a rate of 250 gram per tree) and control unfertilized plots. Effects of compost application on leaf area index (LAI), diameter growth, relative monthly diameter increment (RMDI) were monitored during two consecutive years (2014 and 2015). Then the impacts on pods and seeds production, seed weight, seed number per kg, seed quality (NPK and protein), germination per cent and mean germination time (MGT) were determined. Addition of fertilizers produced high effects on LAI. In 2014 NPK resulted in highest LAI values in most measurements, alternatively the status was changed in 2015 where, higher doses of compost produced higher LAI values. LAI results exhibited temporal variability that was associated with the seasonal variation of the year. The results demonstrate higher RMDI and diameter growth under NPK and compost at rate of 7.5 kg/tree treatments. Pods production was higher in plots treated with higher doses of compost. However, seed/husk ratio was higher in NPK plots. There is observed association between fruit and seed production with LAI. NPK and protein contents in seeds, were also, influenced by the presence of organic fertilizers. Cumulative germination and MGT were correlated with seed weight and were higher in plots treated with compost. The results highlight the importance of organic fertilizers under dry land conditions that produced higher LAI and growth which enhanced seed production and quality.

scholarly journals Response of Some Sunflower (Helianthus annuusL) Hybrid Cultivars as Influenced by Argel (Solenostemmaargel, Del. Hayne) and Nitrogen Under Irrigation in Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Abubaker H. M. Adam ◽  
Abdalla Adam Hassam Mohamed ◽  
Faiza M. A. Magid ◽  
Bahar Eldeen Z. Abakar ◽  
Mohamed M. A. Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Area Index

A field experiment was conducted during 2017/2018 to assess the effects of Argel (Solenostemmaargel, Del. Hayne) and Nitrogen fertilizer on the performance of two Sunflower Hybrid cultivars, with the objectives to exploit an easy, economic, and accessible organic fertilizer, the Argel in the phase of the continuous increasing prices of chemical fertilizers.. This experiment was laid out on spilt-split-plot experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Observations were taken on some agronomic traits (Plant height (m), Leaf area (LA), leaf Number (NL), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Mean Seed Weight). The results revealed that the application of Argel and Nitrogen fertilizer have significantly increased the leaf Area (F= 7.22, P < 0.001), Plant Height (F=2.68, P < 0.2001), Leaf Number (F= 3.90, P < 0.0024), Leaf Area Index (F= 3.83, P < 0.0026) and Mean Seed Weight of both Serena and Opera cultivars respectively compared to the control. However, the different treatments of Argel and Nitrogen reflected variable degree of increase for the studied parameters. The study concludes that Argel is very promising, therefore a further study with different levels of Argel including other plant parameters is recommended.

scholarly journals Studies on site specific nutrient management (SSNM) on hybrid sunflower seed production in Southern Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Patil ◽  
M. A. Shankar ◽  
Y. G. Shadakshari ◽  
N. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Filled Seeds

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, to know the effect of Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) on growth (plant height (cm), Leaf area (cm2 ), leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production (g plant1 ) and yield (capitulum diameter (cm), No. of filled seeds, 1000 seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1 ) of hybrid sunflower seed production. The study indicated that significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (155.4 cm), leaf area (1293.10cm-2 ), leaf area index (0.69) and total dry matter accumulation (88.16 g plant-1 ) were recorded with SSNM for 1.2 tons ha-1 + Farm Yard Manure (FYM) as compared to recommended practice (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer 62.50:75:62.50 kg NPK ha-1 ). The application of fertilizers based on SSNM for a target yield of 1.2 t ha-1 + FYM resulted in significantly higher yield and yield attributes compared to the only application of RDF + FYM. The important yield parameters recorded that were significantly higher were viz., head diameter (19.89 cm) number of filled seeds per head (353.24), seed weight per plant (19.76 g), 1000 seed weight (43.72 g), hybrid seed yield (1003 kg ha-1 ).

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) at Rampur, Chitwan

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Chaudhary ◽  
MD Sharma ◽  
SM Shakya ◽  
DM Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Profit

The present investigation was carried out in the plain areas of Chitwan to determine the promising plant growth regulators (PGR) promoting growth and yield of chilli cultivars Jwala and Suryamukhi during winter-summer season of 2003/2004. Suryamukhi ranked superior to Jwala for most of the yield attributing characters, whereas Jwala was better in vegetative characters than Suryamukhi. Among PGRs, 2,4-D at 2 ppm was better for fruit set, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight per fruits, 1000 seed weight and fruit yield where as NAA at 40 ppm gave the highest leaf area index (LAI). PGRs were ineffective in promoting flowering and fruiting during winter season. GA3 at 10 ppm exhibited maximum amount of ascorbic acid content. The treatments, 2 ppm 2,4-D, 5 ppm triacontanol, 40 ppm NAA and 10 ppm GA3 produced 28.75%, 25.70%, 13.61% and 2.30% higher fruit yield over control, respectively. The highest net profit and B:C ratio were recorded in case of 2 ppm 2,4-D. The use of GA3 as foliar spray was not economical. Key words: 2,4-D, NAA, triacontanol, GA3, leaf area index, net profit, B:C ratio J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:65-68 (2006)

scholarly journals Effects of Different Maize–Soybean Intercropping Patterns on Yield Attributes, Yield and B: C Ratio

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Mahipal Dudwal ◽  
R. P. Singh ◽  
B. L. Verma ◽  
Babulal Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Benefit Cost

A field experiment was carried out to study the “Effects of different maize–soybean intercropping patterns on yield attributes, yield and B: C ratio” at the Agricultural Research Farm, Bhagwant University, Ajmer. Treatment consists of Sole maize (60x20 cm), Sole Soyabean (30x10 cm), Maize-Soybean (1:1) (60X20 cm), Maize-Soybean (1:1) (75X20 cm), Maize-Soybean (1:1) (90X20 cm), Maize-Soybean (1:2) (90X20 cm) and Maize-Soybean (2:6) (Paired row 45/180 cm). There were four replicated blocks and plot sizes measuring 7 m x 4.5 m laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results of the experiment showed that the maize-soybean intercropping patterns had significant effect on maize stover and grain yields. Sole maize recorded significantly higher yield than intercropped maize under varying geometry and row proportion. However, it was at par with maize intercropped with soybean in 1:1 row proportion with 60 x 20 cm .The intercropping patterns affected significantly the PAR intercepted and the leaf area index. The soybean sole crop intercepted significantly more light and leaf area index (LAI) than all other treatments and/or crop. Further,, the yield of sole soybean was significantly superior over other intercropped treatments. The highest benefit cost ratio revealed that higher return per unit money invested for inputs used for raising crops. The highest B: C ratio was recorded with maize + soybean in 2:6 paired row (3.57) intercropping system. The least B: C ratio was recorded in sole soybean (2.45).

scholarly journals Aboveground Wood Production Is Sustained in the First Growing Season after Phloem-Disrupting Disturbance

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Grigri ◽  
Jeff W. Atkins ◽  
Christoph Vogel ◽  
Ben Bond-Lamberty ◽  
Christopher M. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Successional Species

Carbon (C) cycling processes are particularly dynamic following disturbance, with initial responses often indicative of longer-term change. In northern Michigan, USA, we initiated the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) to identify the processes that sustain or lead to the decline of C cycling rates across multiple levels (0, 45, 65 and 85% targeted gross leaf area index loss) of disturbance severity and, in response, to separate disturbance types preferentially targeting large or small diameter trees. Simulating the effects of boring insects, we stem girdled > 3600 trees below diameter at breast height (DBH), immediately and permanently disrupting the phloem. Weekly DBH measurements of girdled and otherwise healthy trees (n > 700) revealed small but significant increases in daily aboveground wood net primary production (ANPPw) in the 65 and 85% disturbance severity treatments that emerged six weeks after girdling. However, we observed minimal change in end-of-season leaf area index and no significant differences in annual ANPPw among disturbance severities or between disturbance types, suggesting continued C fixation by girdled trees sustained stand-scale wood production in the first growing season after disturbance. We hypothesized higher disturbance severities would favor the growth of early successional species but observed no significant difference between early and middle to late successional species’ contributions to ANPPw across the disturbance severity gradient. We conclude that ANPPw stability immediately following phloem disruption is dependent on the continued, but inevitably temporary, growth of phloem-disrupted trees. Our findings provide insight into the tree-to-ecosystem mechanisms supporting stand-scale wood production stability in the first growing season following a phloem-disrupting disturbance.

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