The copper status of some helminth parasites, with particular reference to host-helminth relationships in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Copper Content ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The copper content was determined in samples of 12 nematode, four cestode, and two trematode species collected from a variety of hosts infected either naturally or experimentally. Copper concentrations varied considerably from species to species, the lowest value recorded being 2 p.p.m. copper (dry weight basis) in the cestode Moniezia benedeni and the highest 604 p.p.m. in the nematode Haemonchus placei, both from cattle. Both the total content and the concentration of copper varied among mature individuals of the same population of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, collected from cattle. Copper levels varied greatly in samples of H. placei and Oesophagostomum radiatum from cattle drawn from different host individuals, whereas values for Bunostomum phlebotomum and M. benedeni also from cattle varied little from host to host. Copper concentrations in samples of H. placei and O. radiatum, recovered from the abomasum and large intestine respectively of experimentally infected calves supplemented daily with copper sulphate, were considerably higher than those in samples from unsupplemented calves. With both species, the increases in worm copper levels were associated with increases in concentrations of soluble copper in the environment. It is suggested that soluble copper in environmental fluids can be absorbed through the cuticle of these helminths. Copper supplementation of the host's diet, on the other hand, had no effect on the copper content of B. phlebotomum Furthermore, the concentration of copper in solution in the contents of the duodenum and jejunum was not elevated significantly by the supplementatlon. The hypothesis that the intestinal helminths of bovines compete with the host for copper was examined, and it is concluded that in dairy calves in southeastern Queensland parasitic gastro-enteritis has a far greater significance as a disease entity in itself than as a factor contributing to the expression of a clinical state of copper deficiency.

A kinetic model of copper metabolism in sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Weber ◽  
RC Boston ◽  
DD Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Three Compartment Model

A three-compartment model was developed to provide a simple kinetic description of the metabolism of copper in six sheep with liver copper concentrations of 433�51 ppm ( mean � SD dry weight). This was achieved by measuring the radioactivity in samples of blood, liver, urine and bile as a function of time after the intravenous administration of c. 1.4 mCi of 64Cu. Sizes of compartments, flow rates and rate constants were evaluated and validated experimentally by measuring the excretion of copper in urine and bile and its accumulation in the liver. The model postulates two separate mechanisms for the handling of copper by the liver, and biliary copper excretion was not related to total liver copper content. The model was tested in sheep with a wider range of liver copper concentrations, and the copper in the two compartments (C2 and C3), attributed to liver, corresponded to the actual liver copper content when this was between 30 and 70 mg. The rate constants also responded consistently to increased liver copper status. Within the 'normal' liver copper range of 50-70 mg, the three-compartment model was closed but outside this range, the undefined parameter K03 was no longer zero. This response suggests that copper is moving from C2 and C3 to either supply tissue requirements or be redistributed in an additional storage compartment.

scholarly journals Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kahl ◽  
Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna ◽  
Jürgen Krücken ◽  
Martin Ganter
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Juvenile Worm ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Common Liver Fluke

Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.

scholarly journals Recognition Pattern of the Fasciola hepatica Excretome/Secretome during the Course of an Experimental Infection in Sheep by 2D Immunoproteomics

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
David Becerro-Recio ◽  
Javier González-Miguel ◽  
Alberto Ucero ◽  
Javier Sotillo ◽  
Álvaro Martínez-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Immunogenic Proteins ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

Excretory/secretory products released by helminth parasites have been widely studied for their diagnostic utility, immunomodulatory properties, as well as for their use as vaccines. Due to their location at the host/parasite interface, the characterization of parasite secretions is important to unravel the molecular interactions governing the relationships between helminth parasites and their hosts. In this study, the excretory/secretory products from adult worms of the trematode Fasciola hepatica (FhES) were employed in a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblot and mass spectrometry, to analyze the immune response elicited in sheep during the course of an experimental infection. Ten different immunogenic proteins from FhES recognized by serum samples from infected sheep at 4, 8, and/or 12 weeks post-infection were identified. Among these, different isoforms of cathepsin L and B, peroxiredoxin, calmodulin, or glutathione S-transferase were recognized from the beginning to the end of the experimental infection, suggesting their potential role as immunomodulatory antigens. Furthermore, four FhES proteins (C2H2-type domain-containing protein, ferritin, superoxide dismutase, and globin-3) were identified for the first time as non-immunogenic proteins. These results may help to further understand host/parasite relationships in fasciolosis, and to identify potential diagnostic molecules and drug target candidates of F. hepatica.

scholarly journals Physiologically Active Compounds in Four Species of Phellinus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja ◽  
Anna Maślanka ◽  
Agnieszka Szewczyk ◽  
Bożena Muszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Indole Compounds ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Free Phenolic Acids ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Physiologically Active Compounds

The content of two groups of compounds with biological activity (non-hallucinogenic indole compounds and free phenolic acids) were analyzed in extracts of fruiting bodies of four species of Phellinus: P. igniarius, P. pini, P. pomaceus and P. robustus. The presence of indole compounds in methanolic extracts was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography coupled with densitometric detection. Three metabolites (serotonin, tryptamine, and L-tryptophan) were identified. The contents of individual indole compounds ranged from 1.70 (tryptamine in P. robustus) to 8.32 mg x 100 g1 dry weight (L-tryptophan in P. robustus). Four free phenolic acids were detected in methanolic extracts by the HPLC method. The total content ranged from 9.9 mg x 100 g1 DW (P. igniarius) to 32.5 mg x 100 g1 DW (P. robustus).

Copper repletion enhances apical iron uptake and transepithelial iron transport by Caco-2 cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (3) ◽  
pp. G527-G533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okhee Han ◽  
Marianne Wessling-Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Iron Transport ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Transepithelial Transport ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter 1 ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter ◽  
Metal Transporter ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Copper Supplementation

The influence of copper status on Caco-2 cell apical iron uptake and transepithelial transport was examined. Cells grown for 7–8 days in media supplemented with 1 μM CuCl2had 10-fold higher cellular levels of copper compared with control. Copper supplementation did not affect the integrity of differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on microporous membranes. Copper-repleted cells displayed increased uptake of iron as well as increased transport of iron across the cell monolayer. Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of the apical iron transporter divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), the basolateral transporter ferroportin-1 (Fpn1), and the putative ferroxidase hephaestin (Heph) was upregulated by copper supplementation, whereas the recently identified ferrireductase duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb) was not. These results suggest that DMT1, Fpn1, and Heph are involved in the iron uptake process modulated by copper status. Although a clear role for Dcytb was not identified, an apical surface ferrireductase was modulated by copper status, suggesting that its function also contributes to the enhanced iron uptake by copper-repleted cells. A model is proposed wherein copper promotes iron depletion of intestinal Caco-2 cells, creating a deficiency state that induces upregulation of iron transport factors.

Effect of Three Formulations on Uptake and Efficacy of Copper inHydrilla verticillata

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269
Author(s):  
Lars W.J. Anderson ◽  
Nathan Dechoretz ◽  
David Bayer ◽  
Gary L. Darmstadt
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Apical Shoot ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth

Copper content and growth of excised hydrilla [DioeciousHydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle # HYLLI] apical shoot segments were determined following exposure to copper sulfate (CuSO4), copper-triethanolamine (Cu-TEA), and copper-ethylenediamine (Cu-EDA). For all copper formulations, inhibition of growth was related to the amount of copper associated with the excised shoots. At equal copper exposure, the Cu-EDA formulation produced the greatest inhibition of growth and generally the highest copper levels in the plants. The Cu-EDA formulation inhibited dry weight gain by more than 80% 3 weeks after a 2-h exposure to 2.0 or 4.0 ppmw copper. Under similar conditions, CuSO4or Cu-TEA produced 60% inhibition. The presence or absence of light during a 2-h exposure had no effect on the efficacy of uptake of copper from any of the formulations. Formulation-dependent differences in the mechanism of copper uptake is suggested because rinsing of exposed shoots with dilute acid (0.01N HNO3) removed copper from shoots treated with CuSO4or Cu-TEA but not from those treated with Cu-EDA.

Studies on copper and cobalt therapy of cattle in central coastal Queensland

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Alexander ◽  
JM Harvey ◽  
JH Lee ◽  
WC Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Copper Therapy ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Four experiments described determined the effect of copper and cobalt therapy on the growth and productivity of cattle on the marine plains of central coastal Queensland. Copper was administered by subcutaneous injections of copper glycinate, and cobalt by dosing per os with heavy cobalt pellets. The growth of weaned cattle was significantly improved by copper, particularly from June to October when limited palatable feed on the high ground forced the animals to forage on the para grass swamps. During the same period, 2-year-old heifers also showed a growth response to copper. Their conception rate increased after 19 months of copper therapy but not after 10.5 months. The growth rate of their calves bas significantly increased by copper supplementation. Liver copper concentrations were always low in untreated cattle. Copper therapy maintained these reserves at higher levels, which varied according to the season and the rate of growth of the animals. Calves born to treated cows had higher initial liver copper reserves than those from untreated cows, but in the absence of copper therapy these reserves declined to low and comparable levels in all calves at weaning. Pasture analyses suggest that the copper deficiency revealed was due to interference with copper metabolism rather than to a low copper status in the diet; this interference did not appear to be due to molybdenum. Weaned cattle appeared to respond to cobalt during 1960 but not subsequently, while the cows and calves showed no response. The vitamin B12 status in liver and serum appeared adequate in both treated and untreated cattle.

scholarly journals Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) naturally infecting introduced European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in northern Patagonia: phenotype, prevalence and potential risk

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo F. Cuervo ◽  
Sophia Di Cataldo ◽  
M. Cecilia Fantozzi ◽  
Erika Deis ◽  
Gabriela Diaz Isenrath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Brown Hare ◽  
European Brown Hare ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Northern Patagonia

AbstractFascioliasis has recently been included in the WHO list of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Besides being a major veterinary health problem, fascioliasis has large underdeveloping effects on the human communities affected. Though scarcely considered in fascioliasis epidemiology, it is well recognized that both native and introduced wildlife species may play a significant role as reservoirs of the disease. The objectives are to study the morphological characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs in a population of Lepus europaeus, to assess liver fluke prevalence, and to analyze the potential reservoir role of the European brown hare in northern Patagonia, Argentina, where fascioliasis is endemic. Measures of F. hepatica found in L. europaeus from northern Patagonia demonstrate that the liver fluke is able to fully develop in wild hares and to shed normal eggs through their faeces. Egg shedding to the environment is close to the lower limit obtained for pigs, a domestic animal whose epidemiological importance in endemic areas has already been highlighted. The former, combined with the high prevalence found (14.28%), suggest an even more important role in the transmission cycle than previously considered. The results obtained do not only remark the extraordinary plasticity and adaptability of this trematode species to different host species, but also highlight the role of the European brown hare, and other NIS, as reservoirs capable for parasite spillback to domestic and native cycle, representing a potentially important, but hitherto neglected, cause of disease emergence.

Der Sauerstoffverbrauch und der Gehalt an Ca, Cu und einigen anderen Spurenelementen bei terrestrischen Asseln

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 816-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
High Copper ◽  
High Copper Content

The oxygen consumption and the content of Ca, Cu, K, Sr, Zn, Fe, P and Mg was determined in several terrestric isopods. Porcellio scaber, Syspastus brevicornis and the three species of Armadillidium investigated display significant differences in their calcium contents and there is an inverse relationship between the latter and the oxygen consumption of the animals at 20 °C. The Qo2 of S. brevicornis is 13 ± 3.5 mm3/g/hr, the lowest ever recorded for a crustacean at 20 °C. The copper content of the isopods is high and suggests the presence of hemocyanin. It is highest in a population of P. scaber from Cornwall, England, where it amounts to approximately 0,1% of the dry weight of the animals. Most of the copper is present in the four hepatic tubules (hepatopancreas) which, in one sample from the population mentioned above, contained 1.4% copper, the highest value ever found in an invertebrate. The Qo2 of animals with more or less filled gut seems to be higher in the population with the high copper content, whereas in animals with half empty or empty gut the oxygen consumption is the same in the three populations of P. scaber studied.

Diagnosis of copper deficiency in wheat by plant analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
K Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accurate Indicator

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to define critical concentrations of copper in young leaves of wheat and to investigate the effect of water stress after anthesis on the relationship between yield and copper concentrations in young leaves. The concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was a sensitive and accurate indicator of the copper status of wheat. The critical concentration for copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf did not change with the age of the plant. Copper deficiency occurred whenever the concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf fell below 1.3 �g g-I (dry weight). Water stress after anthesis did not change the relationship between copper concentrations in young leaves and grain yield, although this stress markedly decreased grain yield. In the field there was considerable variability among plants given the same copper treatment in copper concentrations in young leaves. Nevertheless, whenever copper deficiency decreased growth, the average concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was less than 1.3 �g g-1.

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