Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. II. A response to higher volatile fatty acids

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
The Mean

When sheep were fed on a virtually protein-free purified diet adequately supplied with nonprotein nitrogen, 71 g microbial protein was produced in the rumen daily. The addition of a mixture of higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased protein production to 81 g daily (P < 0.05). The VFA supplement also increased the molar proportions of these acids in the rumen fluid and the flow of total nitrogen from the rumen. There were no differences in nitrogen balance associated with the supplement. There were significant variations between sheep and between periods in both protein production and the molar proportion of acetic acid in the rumen fluid. A negative correlation was found between acetic acid proportions and protein production (r = -0.62, P < 0.025). The mean yield of protein from the ruminal fermentation was 13.0 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The addition of the higher VFA did not result in any appreciable increase in the efficiency of protein production from the energy available.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

The effect of lipid sources on intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore steers supplemented with glycerol

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Samuel Gomez Insuasti ◽  
Yury Tatiana Granja Salcedo ◽  
Pablo de Souza Castagnino ◽  
Bruno Ramalho Vieira ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. III.The effect of dietary protein

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Different Levels

Protein production in the rumen of sheep fed on a virtually protein-free diet supplemented with urea and higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) and yielding 600 g digestible organic matter per day amounted to 90 g/day. When gelatin was substituted for the higher VFA and 50% of the urea nitrogen, microbial protein production remained at a similar level (91 g/day); with casein, production increased to 101 g/day, and with zein to 104 g/day. Nitrogen balances increased from 4.1 g/day in sheep fed on the casein diet to 5.5 g/day in those fed on the zein diet (P < 0.05). These values were both significantly higher than those for the urea/VFA or gelatin-containing diets, reflecting the different levels of microbial protein production on the respective diets. In addition, 44 g un-degraded zein left the rumen daily, accounting for the increase in nitrogen balance on this diet above that on the casein diet. Negligible amounts of nitrogen were recycled on the urea/VFA, gelatin, and casein treatments, but at least 7.5 g recycled nitrogen was utilized in the rumen daily on the zein diet. This is equivalent to 47 g protein, sufficient in itself to satisfy the maintenance requirement of the sheep for protein. The yields of protein from ruminal fermentation on the three protein treatments suggest that the maximum possible yield may exceed 20 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen.

Concentrate feeding and ruminal fermentation. 1. Influence of the frequency of feeding concentrates on rumen acid composition, feed intake and milk production.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248
Author(s):  
A. Malestein ◽  
A.T. van't Klooster ◽  
G.H.M. Counotte ◽  
R.A. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Short Time

1. Four cows with rumen cannulae were given 12 kg concentrates daily in 2 equal portions at 0800 and 1530, in one portion of 12 kg at 0800 or in 4 portions of 3 kg each at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700 h. Every period lasted 2 weeks. In addition to the concentrates hay was provided at 0900 and 1630 h and was adjusted so that the daily remainder was at least 1 kg. In 1978 experiments were made with concentrates low in starch and sugars (LSS) (23%) and in 1979 with concentrates high in starch and sugars (HSS) (50%). In 1978 when total DM intake, milk production and milk fat content of each milking were estimated daily, the trend in pH and concentration of L-lactic acid in rumen fluid were estimated on the last day of the preliminary period (2 X 6 kg) and on the 1st, 7th and 14th days of the experimental periods (1 X 12 kg and 4 X 3 kg). In 1979 the same estimations were made, but D-lactic acid and volatile fatty acids were also estimated. Compared to 2 X 6 kg concentrates the changeover to daily 1 X 12 kg or 4 X 3 kg concentrates did not result in significant differences in DM intake nor in milk or milk fat production. Within types of concentrates there was hardly any difference in lowest rumen pH between frequencies of concentrate feeding. When HSS concentrates were given pH in rumen fluid tended to be lower than with the LSS concentrates. With 2 X 6 kg HSS concentrates, pH in rumen fluid was for a short time lower than 5.5. Lactic acid concentrations in the rumen fluid reached maximum within 1 h after concentrate feeding and L-lactic acid was 6.5, 5.0 and 2.0 mmol/litre, respectively, for 1 X 12, 2 X 6 and 4 X 3 kg LSS concentrates. For HSS concentrates the values were 4.5, 2.5 and 1.0 mmol/litre. When the HSS concentrates were given maximum concentration of D-lactic acid in rumen fluid were 2.5 to 3 times the L-lactic acid concentration. When lactic acid was not increased D- and L-lactic acid concentrations were similar. At 0800 h the molar ratio of volatile fatty acids (C2:C3:C4) as a percentage of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid was 62:22:15 and changed gradually to 56:24:20 at 1900 h. Differences in VFA between frequencies of concentrate feeding were small. Total concentrations of VFA did not vary between treatments. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed diets with different levels of date pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khezri ◽  
S. Javidan ◽  
O. Dayani ◽  
R. Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Different Levels

Four ruminally cannulated mature Kermani sheep (50 ± 2.3 kg and 40 ± 2.1 months old) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of diets with different levels of date pulp (DP) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. DP was replaced for wheat bran in diets at no DP (0 DP), 7 (7 DP), 14 (14 DP) and 21% (21 DP) of diet dry matter (DM) and were fed twice daily (0800 hours and 1800 hours). In this study, increasing the amount of DP in diets of sheep did not affect DM intake and apparent digestibility of nutrient (P > 0.05). Inclusion of DP in diets increased ruminal pH linearly (P < 0.05), but did not influence total volatile fatty acids and molar proportion of individual volatile fatty acids (P > 0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration (6.04 vs 10.13 mmol/L), and blood urea nitrogen (8.59 vs 13.10 mg/dL) were affected by diets (P < 0.05). Moreover, urinary nitrogen excretion was higher (P < 0.05) for Control diet (no DP) than the 21 DP diet. In this study, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were affected by experimental diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that DP at 14% can be used as an alternative feed resource in sheep nutrition especially in semiarid areas.

scholarly journals Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 2. Rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Sampling Times

The criteria used in comparing the utilization of grass silage by reindeer and sheep were rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbes. Rumen samples were taken before feeding, and 2 ½ and 5 ½ hours after the beginning of feeding. Rumen fermentation was lower in the reindeer than in the sheep and differed less between the three sampling times. In the reindeer/the pH of the rumen fluid averaged 6.94 and in the sheep 6.61. The average amounts of NH3—N were 17.0 and 24.2 mg/100 ml rumen fluid and those of total VFA 8.46 and 10.90 mmoles/100ml rumen fluid, respectively. The proportion of acetic acid in the VFA in the reindeer was 75.3 molar % and in the sheep 66.0 molar %, the corresponding values for propionic acid being 18.5 and 22.0 molar % and for butytic acid 4.2 and 8.8 molar %. The number of rumen ciliates in the reindeer averaged 87/mm3 rumen contents and in the sheep 314/ mm3. The numbers of bacteria were 16.0 X 106/mm3, respectively. The proportion of the total microbe mass in the reindeer rumen contents was 1.8 % and in the sheep 2.4 %. The proportions of bacteria in this mass were 87 % and 70 %, respectively. The differences between the reindeer and sheep in the rumen fermentation results and in the numbers of rumen microbiota were nearly all statistically significant (P

scholarly journals Nilai VFA dan NH3 Rumput Alam Padang Penggembalaan Kecamatan Haharu Kabupaten Sumba Timur

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Marselinus Hambakodu ◽  
Elvis Pati Ranja ◽  
Made Adi Sudarma
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Bothriochloa Ischaemum ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
The Mean

This study aims to determine the value of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia (NH3) of natural grass in grazing fields in vitro. The study used a direct survey method in the field. Natural grass was tested in vitro using Bali cattle rumen fluid. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis based on the mean and standard deviation. Natural grass consisted of Heteropogon insignis, Bracharia decumbens, Bothriochloa ischaemum. The measurement of the value of VFA uses steam distillation, while the method of measuring the value of NH3 uses Conway micro diffusion. The results showed that Bracharia decumbens grass had a total VFA value of 74.48 mM and an NH3 value of 8.50 mM which was higher than Heteropogon insignis grass (total VFA 65.79 mM and NH3 6.67 mM), and Bothriochloa ischaemum grass (total VFA 60.64 mM and NH3 5.34 mM). The conclusion of this study was based on the value of VFA and NH3, Bracharia decumbens grass was a natural grass that may be cultivated for ruminants.

Effect of feeding frequency on the diurnal changes in microbial protein, volatile fatty acids and ammonia contents of the rumen of sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Michałowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SUMMARYDiurnal variations in microbial protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia were examined in two wethers fed once and twice daily with 0·4 kg of concentrateand 0·4 kg hay/day. The total protein nitrogen varied during the day from 76·9 to 130·2 mg/100 ml of rumen fluid. The greatest amount of protein nitrogen was noted immediately before feeding and the smallest 4 h after feeding. The protein nitrogen of rumen protozoa formed about 39·8–53·4% of total protein nitrogen in rumen fluid. Volatile fatty acids varied from 74·0 to 130·5 m-mol/1 of rumen fluid and ammonia from 187·0 to 305·6 mg/1. The higher concentration of total and protozoal protein nitrogen and of VFA was observed when animals were fed twice daily. The changing of feeding frequency from once to twice daily caused an increase of ammonia concentration in the rumen of only one wether. The results obtained are discussed.

Factors affecting the nutritive value of the diet and the composition of rumen fluid of grazing sheep and cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
J Sanson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Green Material ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Components Analysis

The digestibility and nitrogen content of the diet and of the green fraction of the diet, and concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids in the rumen were measured in sheep and cattle grazing together on five Phalaris tuberosa pastures varying in forage availability. The sheep and cattle were aged 5 and 6 months respectively. Measurements were made at monthly intervals for 5 consecutive months during which animals were rotated between pastures. Measurements of forage availability, structure and composition were subjected to a principal components analysis from which orthogonal variables describing pasture composition were calculated. These were related to the nutritive value of the diet and the composition of rumen fluid by regression analysis. Diets selected by sheep were of higher digestibility and nitrogen content than those selected by cattle, because they contained more green material and the green material selected by the sheep was of higher digestibility and nitrogen content. The nutritive value of the diet of sheep varied with the availability of green forage, and that of cattle with both the availability of green and the bulk of forage on offer. Cattle were the more sensitive to changes in the quantity of green material available, and differences between sheep and cattle in the nutritive value of diets were reduced as the quantity of green material and the bulk of forage increased. The rumen liquor of cattle contained proportionately more acetic acid, and the proportions of other volatile fatty acids were less than in sheep. These differences were generally associated with differences in selective grazing.

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