The comparative phosphate requirements of four annual pastures and two crops

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes ◽  
A Petch
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The levels of broadcast phosphate needed for 90% of maximum production by subterranean clover, Wimmera ryegrass at two levels of nitrogen, wheat and lupins are compared in a field experiment. Two seeding rates, one five times the other, were used to vary the stand densities and yields per unit area of the swards. A total of 180 kg nitrogen/ha was supplied to the wheat and high nitrogen grass plots; the low nitrogen grass plots received 30 kg/ha. Although both the high seeding rates and the high nitrogen applications gave up to double the yield per unit area, they did not significantly change the level of phosphate required for 90% of maximum yield by a given species or mixture. Grown as single species, lupins had the highest phosphorus requirement (202 kg/ha); wheat (118 kg/ha) and clover (107 kg/ha) had similar requirements; while grass with either a low nitrogen supply (58 kg/ha) or a high nitrogen supply (56 kg/ha) had the lowest requirement when measured during flowering. When clover and ryegrass were grown as a mixed sward, the phosphorus requirement (84 kg/ha) was close to the average of those for the pure clover and grass. Both the grass and clover responded to approximately the same level of phosphate when grown as a mixture. The amount of nitrogen fixed by the clover, either as a pure sward or when mixed with grass, increased with increasing phosphate application. We think that the phosphate level required by the grass when grown with clover rather than as a pure sward was an expression of this increased nitrogen supply and not a direct response to phosphate. The levels of phosphate required to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield in the lupin and ear yield in the wheat were similar to the phosphate requirement for 90% of maximum vegetative yield.

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. II. A comparison of subterranean clover cultivars, medics and grasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The external and internal requirements for sulfur of five pasture legumes and three grasses of temperate origin were examined in a pot experiment in which plants were grown with seven levels of sulfur supply for 58 days. Nitrogen supply was non-limiting. There was no distinct difference between legumes and grasses in their external requirement for sulfur (i.e. the amount of sulfur required for 90% of maximum yield) or in their sensitivity to sulfur deficiency (i.e. yield at the lowest sulfur supply expressed as a percentage of maximum yield). The requirement for sulfur (mg/pot) fell in the following order: Hunter River lucerne (24) > Jemalong barrel medic (19) > brome grass and Wimmera ryegrass (18) > barley grass (15) > Clare subterranean clover (13) > Trikkala subterranean clover (11) > Seaton Park subterranean clover (10). The high external requirement for sulfur of Hunter River lucerne appears to be due to its poor ability to distribute sulfur from root to shoot and to its high internal requirement for sulfur. However, for Jemalong barrel medic, the high external requirement was solely due to its high internal requirement for sulfur. The higher external requirement for sulfur of the grasses compared with the subterranean clover cultivars appears to be due to the poorer ability of the grasses to obtain sulfur from the soil used in this experiment, rather than to differences in the transfer of sulfur from root to shoot, or in their internal requirement for sulfur.

The comparative applied phosphate requirements of eight annual pasture species

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
J Keay ◽  
EF Biddiscombe
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of a wide range of applied phosphate levels were compared on eight annual pasture species. Marked differences were found between species in response by tops, roots, or whole plant, and in top/root ratio. Different forms of yield response curve were given by the non-legumes, the clovers, and the lupin. At an early growth stage cape-weed, the three clovers, and erodium were highest in phosphorus requirement for near-maximum yield. At the full flowering stage, species ranked in the following decreasing order of requirement: cupped clover > rose clover > subterranean clover > lupin > erodium = cape-weed > Wimmera ryegrass = silver grass. Yields and phosphorus concentrations are compared in relation to applied phosphorus levels. In the early vegetative stage, all species needed at least 0.7% phosphorus in the tops for maximum yield, but by flowering this requirement had fallen to very much lower levels. It is suggested that differences between the species in response to applied phosphate are large enough to influence strongly the botanical composition of pasture and its fertilizer requirements.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) VII. Effects of nitrogen supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Practical Implications

In experiments with young plants of the Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover, nitrogen deficiency was associated with increased concentrations of isoflavones in the expanded leaves and cotyledons. In the first trifoliate leaves the concentration of total isoflavones (formononetin+genistein+ biochanin A) was approximately doubled at low nitrogen supply. Biochanin A was much less affected than the other two isoflavones. The increase in isoflavone contents of nitrogen-deficient leaves was associated with decreased protein synthesis, but not always with increased sugar contents. The supply of carbon substrates for isoflavone synthesis may depend on starch as well as sugar contents. Practical implications of the results are considered briefly.

Competition between skeleton weed (Chondrila juncea L) and cereals in relation to nitrogen supply

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Myers ◽  
J Lipsett
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Of Oats ◽  
Plant Growth Regulating Substances

The effect of skeleton weed competition on the yield of wheat and oats was investigated in seasons when rainfall was plentiful. Nitrogen was found to be the major factor limiting crop yields. In soils with comparable nitrogen-supplying powers, skeleton weed density governed the crop's response to applied nitrogen. Competition between skeleton weed and crop was severe at low nitrogen levels, but minor at the high nitrogen levels achieved either by nitrogen application, or when the crop followed a legume-rich pasture. Competition had its effect early in the crop's growth. Temporary removal of competition, by spraying with plant growth regulating substances (JICPA) at different times, was used to determine when competition was critical, and measure its effects. Skeleton weed reduced nitrogen supply early in the crop's growth, and so depressed yield. An application of 1 lb MCPA per acre in the fallow 54 days before sowing, or 10 days after crop emergence, increased the yield of oats from 710 to 1350 lb grain per acre: a response equal to that from 32 lb nitrogen per acre applied at planting in the same experiment. In each case, the response to spraying at the different times was analogous to the effect of a nitrogen application at these times. Early spraying gave responses in yield; later spraying gave responses in grain nitrogen. The results provide a new estimate of the reduction in crop yield due to skeleton weed.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the growth of Sporobolomyces roseus on wheat leaves

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2741-2744 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Frossard ◽  
N. J. Fokkema
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Flag Leaves ◽  
Sporobolomyces Roseus ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Green flag leaves of spring wheat grown with low or high nitrogen supply in the form of Ca(NO3)2 were inoculated with Sporobolomyces roseus. Growth of the yeast in a controlled environment was followed for several days by culturing techniques. No consistent differences were found between the development of S. roseus on leaves from low or high nitrogen treated plants, suggesting that leaf exudates from low nitrogen treated plants still contain enough nitrogen compounds to support growth of S. roseus. Nitrogen fertilization obviously seems not to be an appropriate means to manipulate the phyllosphere mycoflora.

The absorption and distribution of nitrogen after floret initiation in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Fertile Plant ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The pattern of absorption and distribution of nitrogen after floret initiation in wheat was examined with the aid of labelled nitrogen with a view to determining the importance of sterile tillers as a source of nitrogen for the fertile parts of the plant. Tertiary tillers were found to be of no importance as direct importers of nitrogen from the growth medium; absorption by these tillers was almost entirely via the roots of the main stem and the primary tillers. In conditions of high nitrogen supply the tertiary tillers continued to receive nitrogen from the main stem and primary tillers, but the tertiary tillers of low nitrogen plants were starved of nitrogen and soon senesced. When the sterile, tertiary tillers died there was a remobilization of most of their nitrogen, apparently to the fertile parts (main stem, primary and some secondary tillers) of the plant, but a small quantity of nitrogen was also lost to the nutrient solution. It is concluded that although sterile, tertiary tillers act as a temporary nutrient reservoir for the fertile plant parts, they are in fact of little or no value and may well be regarded as a useless vestige of perenniality in the wheat plant.

Shoot biomass in wheat is the driver for nitrogen uptake under low nitrogen supply, but not under high nitrogen supply

2014 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Kamiji ◽  
Jiayin Pang ◽  
Stephen P. Milroy ◽  
Jairo A. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Effect of species and cultivation on the responses to phosphate of annual pastures and crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
A Petch
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Sand Plain ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Cultivation Practice

Three crop species, sand-plain lupin, Lupinus cosentinii L. (cv. Chapman), narrow-leaf lupin, L. angustifolius L. (cv. Uniharvest), and wheat, Triticum aestivium (cv. Gamenya), were grown under field conditions in soil fertilized then cultivated to 10 cm depth. Two annual pasture species, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak), and Wimmera ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. (cv. Wimmera), were also grown in the field both with and without cultivation. All species were fertilized with seven levels of phosphate broadcast on the soil surface before cultivation. The amount of phosphate which produced 90% of maximum yield depended on species and cultivation practice: wheat required 98 kg phosphorus/ha; L. angustifolius, 65 kg/ha; L. cosentinii, 42 kg/ha; subterranean clover, after cultivation, 49 kg/ha; subterranean clover, not cultivated, 28 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass after cultivation, 40 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass, not cultivated, 18 kg/ha. All species except wheat required less current phosphate in this experiment than they did 3 years earlier on the same site in virgin soil. Cultivation changed the distribution of soil phosphate, and the roots of the pasture species followed the phosphate distribution.

Effects of endophyte infection on the competitive ability of Achnatherum sibiricum depend on endophyte species and nitrogen availability

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-824
Author(s):  
Yong Zhou ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Yubao Gao ◽  
Wade J Mace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Abstract Aims The leaves of almost all terrestrial plant species are colonized by endophytic fungi. Compared to agronomic grasses, which usually harbor few endophytes, native grasses generally possess greater endophyte species diversity. Existing studies examining endophyte effects on natural grasses under competition normally considered the infection status (infected or uninfected), and rarely considered endophyte species. Methods We examined the effects of endophyte infection and of endophyte species on the interspecific competitive ability of a subdominant species, Achnatherum sibiricum, at two nitrogen levels (high nitrogen and low nitrogen). Achnatherum sibiricum plants infected by two different species of endophyte (Epichloë sibirica and E. gansuensis) and uninfected plants were grown in monoculture and binary mixtures with a dominant species, Stipa grandis (six individuals per species for monocultures and three + three individuals of each species in mixtures). Shoot and root biomass, tiller number and total phenolic concentration were measured after 3 months. Moreover, the aggressivity index was calculated to compare the competitive ability of A. sibiricum relative to S. grandis. Important Findings Both E. gansuensis (Eg)- and E. sibirica (Es)-infected A. sibiricum plants showed a greater competitive ability than the uninfected plants under high nitrogen supply, while the opposite result occurred under low nitrogen supply. At high nitrogen levels, Eg plants had a higher tiller number and a greater shoot biomass inhibitory effect on S. grandis than Es plants had when growing in mixture, while Es plants showed better root growth performance than Eg and uninfected plants under mixture conditions at all nitrogen levels. A higher concentration of phenolic compounds in Eg plants than in Es plants might contribute to the higher inhibitory effect of Eg plants on competing plants. Our study indicates that the interaction between endophyte infection and nitrogen availability can alter the competitive ability of the host plant A. sibiricum but that these two endophyte species work in different ways, which may influence the coexistence of A. sibiricum with the dominant species.

Responses of five pasture species to phosphorus, lime, and nitrogen on an infertile acid soil with a high phosphate sorption capacity

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Helyar ◽  
AJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement

The growth responses of Lolium pevenne L. cv. Clunes, Phalavis tubevosa L. cv. Australian Commercial, Trifolium subterraneurn L. cv. Mount Barker, Trifolium vepens L. cv. Victorian, and Medicago sativa L. cv. Hunter River to lime, superphosphate, and nitrogen were compared in a field experiment on a soil with a pH of 4.9-5.4 (115 soil/water ratio) and with the cation exchange capacity 25-50% saturated by aluminium. The soil had a high phosphorus requirement. The effects of superphosphate and lime on the sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus levels and on the soil pH are discussed. Lucerne was one of the least productive species at most harvests. It required more superphosphate than subterranean clover, perennial ryegrass, or white clover to attain any given percentage of maximum yield. The visual symptoms of the plants and the yield interactions showed little evidence of effects of high aluminium, which indicated that the superphosphate was needed to correct phosphorus deficiency rather than to counteract any aluminium toxicity. The initial soil pH was somewhat higher than the levels previously found to be associated with aluminium toxicity on the soil in pots. Phalaris growth was increased to the highest superphosphate level, but growth at lower levels improved with time. Subterranean clover growth was depressed by the highest superphosphate level early in the season. The other species were not affected in this way. More lime was needed for lucerne than for white clover, which in turn needed more lime than subterranean clover. Nitrogen decreased the response of clover to lime, and the evidence indicates that the response of the legumes to lime was due mainly to the effect of lime in improving nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The lime-treated subterranean clover responded to nitrogen, especially in the first few months after sowing. The grasses responded markedly to nitrogen, while lime had a small effect on their growth and response to nitrogen. In no case did lime decrease the requirement for superphosphate.

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