The productivity of breeding ewes grazing on lucerne or grass and clover pastures on the tablelands of southern Australia. II. Wool production and ewe weight.

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Donnelly ◽  
FHW Morley ◽  
GT McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

Spring-lambing Merino and crossbred ewes grazing on dryland lucerne pastures were generally heavier throughout the year than ewes grazing on phalaris and subterranean clover pastures, even though they experienced greater weight losses during winter. These losses were mostly eliminated by compensatory gains in spring. Annual fleece weights of the Merino ewes grazing on lucerne or phalaris and subterranean clover pastures declined linearly by 146 and 64 g respectively for each additional ewe carried over a range of stocking rates from 9 to 18 ha-1. Corresponding figures for crossbred ewes were 114 and 46 g. In each case the difference between pasture species was significant (P < 0.02). Only at the lowest stocking rates were fleeces from ewes on lucerne heavier (by c. 500 g) than those from ewes on phalaris. At the highest stocking rates, there were no advantages in terms of wool production from grazing breeding ewes on lucerne. Not only was there a greater need for supplementary feed during late pregnancy to avoid losses from pregnancy toxaemia, but the lucerne pastures at all stocking rates proved more sensitive to unfavourable physical and chemical characteristics of soils than did phalaris and subterranean clover pastures. The fleece weights of Merino and crossbred ewes declined, on average, by 70 and 50 g per year for ewes aged between 1+ and 6+ years. Pregnancy reduced fleece weights by 5-10% in Merinos and 5-21% in crossbred ewes, depending on seasonal conditions which varied from year to year. For Merinos only, dry ewes grew about 4% more wool than lactating ewes. No other effects of reproduction on fleece weights were observed.

The performance of young sheep grazing pastures sown to combinations of lucerne or subterranean clover with ryegrass or phalaris

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (56) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
KFM Reed ◽  
RW Snaydon ◽  
A Axelsen
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
High Production ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Pasture

Young sheep were rotationally grazed, at two stocking rates, on pasture sown to combinations of two legume species (lucerne or subterranean clover) and two grass species (a mixture of annual and biennial ryegrass or phalaris) at Canberra. Liveweight gains were 45 per cent greater, and wool production was 10 per cent greater, on the lucerne dominant pasture (87 per cent lucerne) than on the grass dominant subterranean clover pasture (8 per cent subterranean clover). The differences were maximum during summer, but also occurred during spring. Mortality and supplementary feed requirement on grass dominant pasture was double that on lucerne pasture. Liveweight gains were 13 per cent greater on pasture sown to ryegrass than on pasture sown to phalaris. Sheep mortality was eight times greater on the phalaris than on the ryegrass pasture, and survival feed requirements at least double. The superior animal production from lucerne pasture was due mainly to the ability of lucerne to grow during periods of low rainfall and to maintain a high production of legume in the pasture.

Studies in pasture management for the breeding ewe. I. Effects on ewe liveweights, incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, lamb birth weights, and neo-natal mortality

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Natal Mortality ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

Breeding ewes were run under three systems of pasture management on sown pastures (based on subterranean clover) at Canberra. The ewes lambed from mid August to late September. The three management treatments were: (i) Continuous grazing (treatment CG). (ii) Ewes were confined to one-third of the whole area available in early pregnancy, so that feed was autumn-deferred for late pregnancy (treatment DP).(iii) Ewes were confined to a portion (one-third in 1956, one-half in 1957) of the area for the whole of pregnancy in order to ensure an adequate amount of feed for lactation (treatment DL). Two stocking rates and two breeds of ram were compared (Merino and Border Leicester). Treatment DL resulted in unsatisfactory liveweight gains during pregnancy, a far higher incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, reduced lamb birth weight, and increased neo-natal mortality. At the low stocking rate there were no significant differences between treatments CG and DP. At the high stocking rate, treatment DP reduced liveweight gain in early pregnancy and ensured an adequate liveweight gain in late pregnancy. The incidence of pregnancy toxaemia was lower at the high stocking rate in 1957 on treatment DP compared with CG. At the higher stocking rate, ditocous ewes on treatment DP gained more weight in late pregnancy than those on CG or DL.

Some variables influencing production of prime lamb and wool from pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
HR Gharaybeh ◽  
HW Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates

In an experiment at Canberra, A.C.T., extending over four years, crossbred and Merino ewes were grazed at three stocking rates on pastures of either phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa), phalaris combined with separate paddocks of brome grass (Bromus inermis), and cocksfoot (Dactyllis glomerata), or separate paddocks of brome grass and cocksfoot. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was present in all pastures. One-, two-, and three-paddock systems and two times of lambing were also compared. Pasture availability and animal productivity were measured. Early lambing resulted in more prime lambs although the later lambs had slightly higher rates of gain. At the highest crossbred stocking rate studied (seven ewes per acre) wool production per acre was still increasing, but number of prime lambs and lamb liveweight gain did not increase above stocking rates of five ewes per acre. More feed was available to ewes during late pregnancy on treatments allowing feed rationing in autumn and early winter, but neither rationing nor including brome grass and cocksfoot in the system increased animal productivity beyond that achieved by grazing phalaris continuously. At stocking rates up to six ewes per acre, animal production was greatest from phalaris grazed continuously. Stocking rates were designed to provide similar weights of either Merino or crossbred ewes per acre at each stocking level. Because more lambs were born to crossbred ewes they had less feed than Merinos in spring and summer at all stocking rates. Lambs from crossbred ewes were heavier at birth and grew faster than lambs from Merino ewes. More prime crossbred lambs were produced per acre at all stocking levels. The reproductive rate and lamb production of Merino ewes dropped sharply with increased stocking rate. Fleeceweights were similar for both breeds, particularly at low stocking rates. Wool production per acre increased with stocking rate and was higher from Merinos at each level.

A comparison of four pasture types for the wheat belt of southern New South Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (97) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stocking Rates

Four pasture types: subterranean clover/annual grass, subterranean clover/phalaris, lucerne/ subterranean clover, and lucerne/phalaris/subterranean clover were grazed by dry ewes at two stocking rates (8.9 and 13.3 sheep ha-1) from August 1969 until May 1973. Sheep on pasture containing lucerne were an average 2.4 kg heavier than sheep on subterranean clover with phalaris or annual grass. The difference increased to as much as 7 kg in summer and was usually maintained over the winter. Sheep on subterranean clover/phalaris pastures were heavier in favourable seasons and lighter in poorer seasons than those on subterranean clover/annual grass. Generally, these liveweight effects were reflected in wool production.

Effect of stocking rate, time of lambing and inclusion of lucerne on prime lamb production in north-east Victoria

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Reeve ◽  
MJ Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
North East ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Prime Condition ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Stocking Rates

Results of a grazing study involving Border Leicester x Merino ewes and their progeny are reported for a 4-year period 1969 to 1972. The study was conducted at Rutherglen in north-east Victoria. The 1260 ewes observed throughout the study were allotted to 42 treatment plots with 30 ewes per plot. Thirty of the plots were located on annual pasture (subterranean clover, barley grass) involving three replicates of ewes stocked at 7.4,9.9 and 12.4 ewes ha-l for ewes joined over 7-week periods to commence lambing about May 5, June 23 or August 8. Additionally, an extra three plots with spring lambing were grazed at 14.8 ewes ha-1. A further 12 plots contained lucerne on one third of the plot area. The ewes on these plots also lambed for a 7-week period commencing August 8, and provided three replicates of 7.4 9.9, 12.4 and 14.8 ewes ha-1. First services were concentrated early in the joining period in the spring-lambing ewes, there were few returns to services and few ewes failed to mate. On the other hand, among ewes joined to lamb in autumn, first services were distributed over the entire joining period, and many ewes returned to service or failed to mate. The mating pattern of ewes joined to lamb in winter were intermediate between the autumn and spring lambing groups. Although the liveweight of spring-lambing ewes was lighter at mating, the number of lambs born per 100 ewes joined was greater than for winter lambing, and these in turn were greater than for autumn lambing ewes. The response to an additional 1 kg liveweight at mating was 1.7, 2.0 and 2.8 additional lambs born per 100 ewes joined for autumn, winter and spring lambing, respectively. Wool production per hectare increased linearly with increase in stocking rate; it was marginally affected by time of lambing and was greatest where lucerne was provided. The number of lambs reared per ha increased linearly with increase in stocking rate, albeit there was some decline in carcase weight and a small decline in numbers of lambs reared per ewe. Lambs born in autumn and winter were generally slaughtered in prime condition at 31 kg liveweight, except in the drought year of 1972, but more lambs were produced from a winter lambing than from autumn lambing. When lambing was in August-September there was a slight increase in the numbers of lambs reared above that of winter lambing, but the proportion of lambs marketed at less than 31 kg was greatly increased. Where lucerne was provided to spring-lambing ewes the greatest weight of meat per hectare was produced, and few lambs were less than 31 kg. In descending order of magnitude, the major factors affecting carrying capacity were season, year, stocking rate and time of lambing. Seasonal shortcomings in nutrition were alleviated by the provision of supplementary feed. At the lighter stocking rates of 7.4 and 9.9 ewes ha-1 the amounts of supplements fed were very low, even in the drought year of 1972. These two lowest stocking rates could be maintained indefinitely without excessive use of supplementary feed. Discernible changes in botanical composition with partial loss of productive grass and clover species, reduction in pasture growth rate, increased use of supplementary feed and lowered wool production of ewes, occurred with spring lambing without lucerne, particularly at 12.4 and 14.8 ewes ha-1. Pasture composition and growth details were very similar with either autumn or winter lambing.

scholarly journals Relationships between physical and chemical characteristics and calculated metabolizable energy values in barley and oats with highly variable volume weights

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-284
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Variable Volume ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

61 samples of barley with a volume weight of 38—75 kg/hl, and 49 oat samples with a volume weight of 40—65kg/hl were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The approximate metabolizable energy (ME) value was calculated from the composition. The physical characteristics varied more, but the starch content less, in barley than in oats. There was also a negative correlation between starch and crude protein, and ether extract level in barley, but not in oats. Therefore the difference between the ME values of the best and the poorest samples was only 12% for barley, but 27 % for oats. Both the starch and the crude protein content predicted the ME value well: R2 of starch was 78—94 %, and that of crude fibre 55—84 %. The volume weight still gave a good indication for barley, but not at all for oats.

Effect of time of joining and rate of stocking on the production of Corriedale ewes in southern Victoria. 3. Wool growth and the composition and availability of pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
IF Davis
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates

A study was made during a three year period (1 968-1 970) of wool production by a flock of 540 ewes grazing annual pasture at Werribee, Victoria. The ewes were stocked at three rates (5, 7 1/2 and 10 ewes ha-1) and lambed between July 6 and August 20 or between September 10 and October 29 each year. Fibre diameter and length of wool samples were measured in 1968, 1969 and 1970 ; in 1970 growth of greasy wool was calculated from staples of dye-banded wool. Wool growth was reduced in all ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation but was not affected during late lactation in ewes lambing in September. The proportion of tender fleeces from all ewes was greater in 1970 and the weight of fleeces from only those ewes bearing single lambs was less in all years for ewes lambing in July than for ewes lambing in September. More ewes were barren and fewer ewes had twins in July and consequently the mean fleece weights of all ewes from both groups were similar. Fleeces from ewes stocked at 10 ha-1 were lighter, shorter and finer than fleeces from ewes stocked at 5 and 7 1/2 ha-1, but the proportion of tender fleeces did not differ between the groups. Wool production of ewes stocked at 5 and 7 1/2 ha-1 increased from 1968 to 1970, whereas that of ewes at 10 ha-1 did not. This was associated with differences in pasture availability and composition. At 10 ewes ha-1 less pasture was present in winter and spring in 1970 than in 1968, whereas at the other stocking rates it was greater. In 1970 the density of weeds in autumn was greater and in spring more silver grass (Vulpia spp.) and less brome grass (Bromus spp.) was available at the high stocking rate.

Lifetime productivity of single- and twin-born Corriedale sheep and their dams

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Gonzalez ◽  
R Bonnet ◽  
JC Guerra ◽  
D Labuonora
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lambing Rate

Differences in the productivity of twin- and single-bearing, spring-lambing Corriedale ewes and their progeny were studied over 8 years at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Paysandu, Uruguay. Lambing ewes, grazing improved pastures during late pregnancy and early lactation, produced 9.7% less wool than dry ewes, gestation and lactation accounting for 4.5 and 5.2% of this difference, respectively. No difference in wool production was found between ewes rearing 1 or 2 lambs. Twin-born sheep produced 1.8% less wool than singles, but the difference decreased with age. Twin-born ewes had a 7.5% higher lambing rate than single-born ewes, but the mortality rate among their lambs was higher (37.1 v. 20.4%). The liveweight of single-born sheep was higher than that of twins by 20.4%, 16.0% and 11.4% at marking, weaning and 11 1 days of age, respectively. We suggest that the difference in productivity between twin- and single-bearing ewes, and their lambs, can be minimised by adequate nutrition in late pregnancy and early lactation.

scholarly journals Differences in the decomposition of green and senescent leaves in streams of Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (Amazonas, Brazil)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bianca Maíra de Paiva Ottoni-Boldrini
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Leaf Decomposition ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Leaf Type ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Over Time

Leaves are considered the main energetic resource supply among all the allochthonous organic material available for the small shaded streams. However, their processing is limited by the physical and chemical characteristics of the leaves. Therefore, this research aimed to: i) evaluate the difference in decomposition coefficients between green and senescent leaves; ii) compare richness and density of aquatic invertebrates colonizing decomposing green and senescent leaves.  Between November 2012 and January 2013, 12 leaf packages (6 senescent and 6 green) of 14 plant species were installed in 3 streams of the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (Manaus/AM - Brazil). After 15, 30 and 60 days the submerged packages were removed. The collected material was taken to the laboratory for analyzes of: aquatic invertebrates and leaves' mass remnants. Paired t-test was performed to verify if the decomposition coefficients (k) differed. ANCOVAs were performed to compare: the remaining mass (%), richness and density of aquatic invertebrates between leaf type over time. The green leaves presented higher leaf decomposition rates than in senescent ones. The leaf type influenced the average invertebrates densities. Therefore, green leaves were more susceptible to the colonization of aquatic invertebrates associated with the leaf decomposition process in small Amazonian streams. 

scholarly journals Characteristic and Genesis of Black and Red Soil Vertisol in Jeneponto Regency

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Juita ◽  
. Iskandar ◽  
. Sudarsono
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characteristic ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Soil Color ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Village

One of factors that is interasting from Vertisol to be investigated beside the management of the soil fertility was color variations which can vary from gray to brown and brownish red. Exclusive characteristics of Vertisol are shrink swell capacity with clay dominant clay that make agricultural activities in the Jeneponto area less productive. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences of physical and chemical characteristics of black and red Vertisol in Jeneponto R.egency. The research location was based on the difference and overlaying of soil color. Black soils were taken from the village Bontomarannu and Tonrokassi Timur while red soil and overlaying colors of red and black soil were taken from the village Sarroanging. Results showed that one of the chemical characteristic which was very differences between black and red soils were calcium carbonate and base saturation. Generally CaCO3 on black soil was higher (ranged of 13.20-36.73%) than  red soil (ranged of 2.21-13.86%). As for overlaying colors of red and black soil were ranged of 2.62-3.88%. The highest base saturation was found in the black soil that was> 100%, red soil between 40-89% and overlaying colors red and black soil between 80-83%.  While Fe, Mn and Al concentrations were highest with citrate dithionite bicarbonate extracts followed by oxalate and pyrophosphate extracts. Clay montmorillonite minerals were present in all profiles observed.

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